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Diss Factsheets

Environmental fate & pathways

Biodegradation in water: screening tests

Administrative data

Endpoint:
biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
05 Apr 2021 - 30 May 2021
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2021
Report date:
2021

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 301 B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test)
Version / remarks:
OECD Guideline 301B, Section 3. Degradation and Accumulation. "Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test", (adopted July 17, 1992).
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
See "Any other information" for details
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid
EC Number:
270-470-1
EC Name:
Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid
Cas Number:
68441-66-7
Molecular formula:
not available due to complexity of the substance
IUPAC Name:
Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid
Test material form:
liquid
Details on test material:
Identification: Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid
Batch (Lot) Number: 2019194336
Expiry date: 03 June 2022 / 03 December 2023
Physical Description: Clear light yellow liquid
Purity/Composition: UVCB
Storage Conditions: At room temperature

Additional information
Test Facility test item number: 212207/A
Purity/Composition correction factor: No correction factor required
Test item handling: No specific handling conditions required
Chemical name (IUPAC, synonym or trade name):
Trade names: HATCOL® 1106, HATCOL® 2926, HATCOL® 3326
CAS number: 68441-66-7
Stability at higher temperatures: Yes, maximum temperature: 175°C, maximum; duration: 10 minutes
Volatile: No
Specific gravity / density: 1.01
Solubility in water: <0.1 mg/L
Stability in water: Not indicated
Specific details on test material used for the study:
No further details specified in the study report.

Study design

Oxygen conditions:
aerobic
Inoculum or test system:
activated sludge, domestic (adaptation not specified)
Details on inoculum:
Source
The source of test organisms is activated sludge freshly obtained from a municipal sewage treatment plant, receiving predominantly domestic sewage, taken from 'Waterschap Aa en Maas', 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
Treatment
Freshly obtained sludge was coarsely sieved (≥ 1 mm) and kept under continuous aeration until further treatment. The sludge was homogenized using a blender on medium speed. Concentration of suspended solids (SS) was 3-5 g/L in the activated sludge.
Duration of test (contact time):
28 d
Initial test substance concentration
Initial conc.:
12 mg/L
Based on:
TOC
Remarks:
18.5 mg/L, corresponding to 12 mg TOC/L
Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation
Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
CO2 evolution
Details on study design:
Source
The source of test organisms was activated sludge freshly obtained from a municipal sewage
treatment plant: 'Waterschap Aa en Maas', 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands, receiving
predominantly domestic sewage.

Treatment
Freshly obtained sludge was kept under continuous aeration until further treatment. Before use, sludge was coarsely sieved (1 mm2 mesh) and homogenized using a blender on medium speed for approximately 1 minute. After treatment, concentration of suspended solids (SS) was determined to be 3.9 g/L in concentrated sludge as used for the test. Magnetically stirred sludge was used as inoculum at an amount of 2.3 mL per liter of mineral medium, leading to a SS concentration of 8.9 mg/L.

Test duration
28 days for the inoculum blank and test item (last CO2 measurement on Day 28).
14 days for the procedural and toxicity control (last CO2 measurement on Day 15).

Test vessels
2 liter amber glass bottles.

Milli- RO water
Tap-water purified by reverse osmosis (Milli- RO) and subsequently passed over activated carbon.
Stock solutions of mineral components
A) 8.50 g KH2PO4
21.75 g K2HPO4
67.20 g Na2HPO4.12H2O
0.50 g NH4Cl
dissolved in Milli- RO water and made up to 1 liter, pH 7.4 ± 0.2

B) 22.50 g MgSO4.7H2O dissolved in Milli- RO water and made up to 1 liter.

C) 36.40 g CaCl2.2H2O dissolved in Milli- RO water and bv made up to 1 liter.

D) 0.25 g FeCl3.6H2O dissolved in Milli- RO water and made up to 1 liter.
Mineral medium
1 L mineral medium contains: 10 mL of solution (A), 1 mL of solutions (B), (C), (D), and Milli- RO water.
Barium hydroxide
0.0125 M Ba(OH)2 (Boom, Meppel, The Netherlands), stored in a sealed vessel to prevent absorption of CO2 from air.

Synthetic air (CO2 < 1 ppm)
A mixture of oxygen (ca. 20 %) and nitrogen (ca. 80 %) was passed through a bottle, containing 0.5 - 1 liter 0.0125 M Ba(OH)2 solution to trap CO2 which might be present in small amounts. Synthetic air was passed through the scrubbing solutions at a rate of approximately 1-2 bubbles per second (ca. 30-100 mL/min).
Illumination Test media were incubated in the dark.
Preparation of Bottles
Pre-incubation medium
Before the start of the test (Day -1) mineral components, Milli- RO water (ca. 80 % of final volume) and inoculum were added to each bottle. This mixture was aerated with synthetic air overnight to purge the system of CO2.
Type and number of bottles
Test suspension: containing test item and inoculum (2 bottles).
Inoculum blank: containing only inoculum (2 bottles)
Procedural control: containing procedural control item, and inoculum (1 bottle).
Toxicity control: containing test item, procedural control item, and inoculum (1 bottle).
Preparation
At the start of the test (Day 0), test and procedural control item were added to bottles containing microbial organisms and mineral components.
Volumes were made up to 2 L with Milli- RO water, resulting in the mineral medium described before.
Three CO2-absorbers (bottles filled with 100 mL 0.0125 M Ba(OH)2) were connected in series to the exit aeration line of each test bottle.
Determination of CO2
Experimental CO2 production
CO2 produced in each test bottle reacted with barium hydroxide in the gas scrubbing bottle and precipitated out as barium carbonate. The amount of CO2 produced was determined by titrating remaining Ba(OH)2 with 0.05 M standardized HCl (1:20 dilution from 1 M HCl (Titrisol® ampoule), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).
Measurements
Titrations were made every second or third day during the first 10 days, and thereafter at least every fifth day until Day 28, for inoculum blank and test item. Titrations for procedural and toxicity control were made over a period of at least 14 days. Phenolphthalein (1 % solution in ethanol, Merck) was used as pH-indicator.
Each time the CO2-absorber nearest to the test bottle was removed for titration; each of the remaining two absorbers were moved one position in the direction of the test bottle. A new CO2-absorber was placed at the far end of the series.
On the day of termination, pH of respective test suspensions was measured and 1 mL of concentrated HCl (37 %, Merck) was added to the inoculum blank and test suspension. Vessels of the procedural and toxicity control were aerated overnight to drive off CO2. To the remaining vessels, HCl was added early in the morning on Day 28. The final titration was performed after at least six hours of aeration. Final titration was made on Day 15 (procedural and toxicity control) and on Day 28 (remaining vessels).
Theoretical CO2 production
Theoretical CO2 production was calculated from the results of the TOC-analysis.
Measurements and Recordings
pH
At the start of the test (Day 0) and on the day of termination (Day 14 for procedural and toxicity control and Day 28 for inoculum blanks and test item), before addition of concentrated HCl.
Temperature of medium:
Continuously in a vessel with Milli- RO water in the same room.
Reference substance
Reference substance:
acetic acid, sodium salt

Results and discussion

Preliminary study:
N/A
Test performance:
Procedural and toxicity controls performed as anticipated. The substance was demonstrated to degrade within the timescale of the test.
% Degradation
Key result
Parameter:
% degradation (CO2 evolution)
Value:
64
Sampling time:
28 d
Remarks on result:
other: Readily biodegradable
Details on results:
The following results were obtained:

Procedural control: 69 %
Toxicity control: 41 %
Bottle A: 64 %
Bottle B: 63 %

The material achieved 64% degradation within 28 days. Since biodegradation exceeded 60 % within 28 days and the test item is a mixture/UVCB, it can be classified as readily biodegradable.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: CO2 production and percentage biodegradation of the procedural control item.

 

Day

HCl (0.05 N) titrated (ml)

Produced CO2

Produced CO2

Cumulative CO2

Biodegradation1)

 

Blank (mean)

Proc. control

(ml HCl)

(mg)

(mg)

(%)

 

2

44.88

29.41

15.47

17.0

17.0

20

 

5

43.53

22.95

20.58

22.6

39.6

46

 

8

42.97

31.00

11.97

13.2

52.8

61

 

12

42.70

38.29

4.41

4.9

57.7

67

 

152)

42.55

40.60

1.95

2.1

59.8

69

 

1): Calculated as the ratio between CO2produced (cumulative) and the ThCO2of sodium acetate:

86.5

 

2): CO2measured on day 15 is actually part of CO2production of day 14, since microbial activity was ended on day 14 by addition of HCl.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2a: CO2production and percentage biodegradation of the test item (bottle A).

 

Day

HCl (0.05 N) titrated (ml)

Produced CO2

Produced CO2

Cumulative CO2

Biodegradation1)

 

Blank (mean)

Bottle A

(ml HCl)

(mg)

(mg)

(%)

 

2

44.88

45.44

0.00

0.0

0.0

0

 

5

43.53

42.01

1.52

1.7

1.7

2

 

8

42.97

36.01

6.96

7.7

9.3

10

 

12

42.70

29.92

12.78

14.1

23.4

26

 

15

42.55

34.05

8.50

9.4

32.7

37

 

19

43.59

34.61

8.97

9.9

42.6

48

 

23

43.21

37.81

5.40

5.9

48.5

54

 

282)

41.93

36.00

5.93

6.5

55.1

62

 

282)

44.34

43.05

1.29

1.4

56.5

63

 

282)

46.61

46.08

0.53

0.6

57.1

64

 

1): Calculated as the ratio between CO2produced (cumulative) and the ThCO2of the test item:

89.3

 

2): CO2measured on day 29 is actually part of CO2production of day 28, since microbial activity was ended on day 28 by addition of HCl.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2b: CO2production and percentage biodegradation of the test item (bottle B).

 

Day

HCl (0.05 N) titrated (ml)

Produced CO2

Produced CO2

Cumulative CO2

Biodegradation1)

 

Blank (mean)

Bottle B

(ml HCl)

(mg)

(mg)

(%)

 

2

44.88

45.05

0.00

0.0

0.0

0

 

5

43.53

41.48

2.05

2.2

2.2

3

 

8

42.97

28.03

14.94

16.4

18.7

21

 

12

42.70

32.11

10.59

11.6

30.3

34

 

15

42.55

35.87

6.68

7.3

37.7

42

 

19

43.59

37.53

6.05

6.7

44.3

50

 

23

43.21

39.90

3.31

3.6

48.0

54

 

282)

41.93

36.89

5.04

5.5

53.5

60

 

282)

44.34

43.83

0.50

0.6

54.1

61

 

282)

46.61

44.85

1.76

1.9

56.0

63

 

1): Calculated as the ratio between CO2produced (cumulative) and the ThCO2of the test item:

89.2

 

2): CO2measured on day 29 is actually part of CO2production of day 28, since microbial activity was ended on day 28 by addition of HCl.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2c: Comparison of biodegradation of the test item in bottle A and B

 

 

Day

Biodegradation (%)

 

 

 

Bottle A

Bottle B

Mean A and B

∆ A-B1)

 

 

 

2

0

0

0

0

 

 

 

5

2

3

2

1

 

 

 

8

10

21

16

11

 

 

 

12

26

34

30

8

 

 

 

15

37

42

39

6

 

 

 

19

48

50

49

2

 

 

 

23

54

54

54

1

 

 

 

282)

62

60

61

2

 

 

 

282)

63

61

62

3

 

 

 

282)

64

63

63

1

 

 

 

1): Absolute difference in biodegradation between bottles A and B

 

 

 

2): Biodegradation is ended on day 28 by addition of HCl. Therefore, differences observed on day 29 are actually differences of day 28.

*): Difference between bottle A and B is higher than 20%.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

212207 20285141-1

 

Table 3: CO2production and percentage biodegradation of the toxicity control

 

Day

HCl (0.05 N) titrated (ml)

Produced CO2

Produced CO2

Cumulative CO2

Biodegradation1)

 

Blank (mean)

Tox. control

(ml HCl)

(mg)

(mg)

(%)

 

2

44.88

33.01

11.87

13.1

13.1

7

 

5

43.53

25.91

17.62

19.4

32.4

18

 

8

42.97

29.13

13.84

15.2

47.7

27

 

12

42.70

30.63

12.07

13.3

60.9

35

 

152)

42.55

31.96

10.59

11.6

72.6

41

 

1): Calculated as the ratio between CO2produced (cumulative) and the sum of the ThCO2of the test item

 

and sodium acetate:

175.9

mg CO2/2L

 

 

 

 

(ThCO2 test item:

89.4

mg CO2/2L +

 

 

 

 

ThCO2sodium acetate:

86.5

mg CO2/2L).

 

 

 

 

2): CO2measured on day 15 is actually part of CO2production of day 14, since microbial activity was ended on day 14 by addition of HCl.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4: CO2production in the blanks

 

 

Day

HCl (0.05 N) titrated (ml)

Produced CO2

Produced CO2

Cumulative CO2

 

 

Ba(OH)21)

Blanks (mean)

(ml HCl)

(mg)

(mg)

 

 

2

46.38

44.88

1.51

1.7

1.7

 

 

5

48.13

43.53

4.60

5.1

6.7

 

 

8

47.53

42.97

4.56

5.0

11.7

 

 

12

48.62

42.70

5.91

6.5

18.2

 

 

15

48.60

42.55

6.05

6.7

24.9

 

 

19

48.98

43.59

5.40

5.9

30.8

 

 

23

48.75

43.21

5.54

6.1

36.9

 

 

282)

48.45

41.93

6.52

7.2

44.1

 

 

282)

49.25

44.34

4.91

5.4

49.5

 

 

282)

48.98

46.61

2.37

2.6

52.1

 

 

1): "Strength" of untreated 0.0125 M Ba(OH)2solution

 

 

2): CO2measured on day 29 is actually part of CO2production of day 28, since microbial activity was ended on day 28 by addition of HCl.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Interpretation of results:
readily biodegradable
Conclusions:
The material achieved 64% degradation within 28 days. Since biodegradation exceeded 60 % within 28 days and the test item is a mixture/UVCB, it can be classified as readily biodegradable.
Executive summary:

The objective of the study was to evaluate the test item for its ready biodegradability in an aerobic aqueous medium with microbial activity introduced by inoculation with activated sludge.


The study met the validity criteria prescribed by the Study Plan and was considered to be valid. Test conditions and results are presented below:


 


Test Item: Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Appearance: Clear light yellow liquid


Purity: UVCB


Correction factor: No correction factor required


Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content: 65.50 %


Theoretical CO2 production 2.40 mg CO2/mg


Preparation of test item solution(s): Weighed amounts of test item, dosed directly to test medium. Test media were continuously stirred throughout the test.


 


Experimental Set-up


Guideline(s) OECD 301B and ISO Standard 10634:2018


Test system: Micro-organisms in activated sludge


Test concentration: 18.5 mg/L, corresponding to 12 mg TOC/L


Controls A blank inoculum control, procedural control (reference item) and toxicity control (Test item and reference item).


Number of replicates 2 replicates for the test item vessels and blank inoculum control, 1 replicate each for the procedural control and toxicity control.


Reference item: Sodium acetate


Test duration: 28 days for the test item treatment and inoculum blank, 14 days for the procedural control and toxicity control.


Measurements: The amount of CO2 produced was determined by titration of Ba(OH)2 with HCl. Titrations were made every second or third day during the first 10 days, and thereafter at least every fifth day until Day 28. Titrations for procedural control and toxicity control were made over a period of at least 14 days.


 


Experimental conditions


pH and temperature: Within the ranges specified in OECD TG 301B


Light: Test media were incubated in the dark


 


Results


Biodegradation: 64 % and 63 %


Toxicity: No inhibition of microbial activity.


Conclusion: Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid was readily biodegradable under the conditions of the modified Sturm test. Since the test item is a UVCB mixture consisting of structurally similar molecules, the 10-day window criterion was not applicable. As degradation surpassed the pass level of 60% in the course of the test, decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid is considered readily biodegradable within 28 days.