Speiss, copper

Endpoint summary

Additional information

The UVCB is a complex inorganic metals containing substance. The physico-chemical characterization of the UVCB (see relevant section in IUCLID) demonstrates the presense of different metal species; intermetallic and metal sulphides.Copper speiss remains molten through its whole life cycle (with the exception of routine process sampling). In some cases, the molten material is cooled down to room temperature and becomes a massive solid that is stored before re-use as secondary raw material. A typical material that was crushed had D50 of 126µm and D80 of 236µm (with fraction smaller than 200µm diameter being ca. 20 to 30%).This results inrelatively low solubilisation potential in water for all of the metals present in the UVCB a when crushed materials were tested although residues on filters indicate that Copper may solubilize (become oxidized) during prolonged time (months and years)(see Liipo, 2010).

More particularly the following needs to be taken into account when considering information on environmental fate of this UCVB:

Stability and bio degradation: The classic standard testing protocols on hydrolysis, photo-transformation and biodegradation are not applicable to inorganic substances such as this UVCB. This was recognized in the Guidance to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and mixtures (metal annex): “Environmental transformation of one species of a metal to another species of the same does not constitute degradation as applied to organic compounds and may increase or decrease the availability and bioavailability of the toxic species. However as a result of naturally occurring geochemical processes metal ions can partition from the water column. Data on water column residence time, the processes involved at the water – sediment interface (i. e. deposition and re-mobilisation) are fairly extensive, but have not been integrated into a meaningful database. Nevertheless, using the principles and assumptions discussed above in Section IV.1, it may be possible to incorporate this approach into classification.”

As outlined in CLP guidance (2009), understanding of the rate and extent of transformation/dissolution of sparingly soluble inorganic substances to soluble, potentially available metal species is relevant to the environmental hazard assessment.

Attenuation of the released metal ions: once released from the UVCB, the metal-ions will be sorbed to mineral and particulate organic matter surfaces in the water, sediment and soil and will bind to the dissolved organic and sulphide materials present in water, soil and sediment compartments. Binding, precipitation and partitioning allows for a reduction of "bio-available metal species" and thus potential metal toxicity as a function of time.

Transport and distribution: assessing transport and distribution of the UVCB substance has no meaning. The mechanisms of distribution over liquid/solid phase (adsoprtion/desorption, precipitation and removal from water column) of the metals contained in the UVCB have been assessed in the respective risk assessments and/or Chemical Safety reports. Partition coefficients for soil/water, sediment/water and suspended matter/water are available for different metals contained in the UVCB and further used for environmental exposure assessment, if relevant.

Bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning: the assessment of the bio accumulation and secondary poisoning potential of this UVCB as no meaning. Accumulation data (BCF and BAF values) are available for relevant metal constituents of this UVCB. Metals like Cu, Zn for example are essential and well regulated in all living organisms and therefore the bioaccumulation criterion is not applicable. While some metals do not magnify in aquatic and terrestrial systems, for other metals secondary poisoning is to be considered relevant based on their known bioaccumulation potential.

According to the CLP Guidance for complex substances (section III 3.2) it is not recommended to estimate an average or weighted BCF value but identify one or more constituents for further consideration. Therefore, secondary poisoning of some constituents contained in the UVCB was further taken into account in the environmental exposure assessment.

 

Summary of the information on environmental fate and pathways for the purpose of classification:

The UVCB environmental hazard assessment fate and pathway of the UVCB is driven by the hazard assessment characteristics of the individual UVCB constituents. For the purpose of the hazard assessment, the fate and pathway of the UVCB is treated as a complex metal containing substance and therefore assessed from the fate and pathways of the discrete constituting compounds (metals, metal compounds, non-metal inorganic compounds). The hazard classifications of each compound are then factored into a combined classification of the UVCB as a whole. For environmental endpoints, additivity and/or summation algorithms are applied to quantitatively estimate the mixture’s toxicity to aquatic organisms. More information can be found in the MECLAS output (see Annes I of the CSR).

The most important fate properties relevant to environmental classification are the limited solubility, assessed from transformation/dissolution tests and attenuation of the released metal ions, assessed as “removal from the water column”. Since the removal from the water column behaviour of the individual constituents can have an indirect impact on their respective environmental classification, an overview is given in the table below.

 

Table11:Summary of the information on environmental fate and pathways for the purpose ofclassification

UVCB constituent		Attenuation/ removal from water column
Element	Speciation* taken forward for Tier 1 classification
Cu	66% Cu massive, 34% covellite	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
Ag	Ag compounds	No, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR)
Al	Al silicate	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
As	As metal	No, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR)
Ba	Ba
Co	CoS	No, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR)
Fe	Fe compounds	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
Mg	Mg/Mg compounds
Mn	MnSO4
Ni	Ni massive	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
Pb	Pb massive	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
Sb	Sb metal
Sn	Sn	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
S	Sulfide	No, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR)
Zn	Zn sulphate	Yes, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR
Minors: Au, Bi, C, Ce, Pd	Metallic	In case (worst-case) speciation is classified, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR)
oxides	SiO2, CaO, etc	In case (worst-case) speciation is classified, see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MECLAS (Annex I of this CSR)

 

Summary of the information on environmental fate and pathways for the purpose of risk assessment:

The environmental (risk) assessment is based onmeasured releases of relevant elements to air and receiving waters for all constituents of the UVCB that are hazardous to the environment. For the environment, most often, it is the metal ion that is the toxic driver (ECHA, 2008, R.7.13-2). Considering the composition and physico-chemical characterisation of this UVCB, only partial release and solubilisation of the various constituting species should be assumed in the aquatic environment. Assuming 100% solubilization into metal ion is therefore conservative as aquatic toxicity is driven by the metal ion.

To assess environmental risks for the various environmental compartments, information on the fate and pathways of the individual components are needed as described in below.

 

Table12:Summary of the information on aquatic environmental fate and pathways for thepurpose of risk assessment

UVCB constituent			Transport/ distribution		Bio accumulation		Secondary poisoning
Element	Speciation used for environmental fate
Cu	Metal ion	Partitioning coeff. Available	No See McGeer et al., 2013	Not needed
Ni	Metal ion	Partitioning coeff. Available	BCF value available	Quantitative assessment conducted
Pb	Metal ion	Partitioning coeff. Available	BCF value available	Quantitative assessment conducted
As	Metal ion	Partitioning coeff. Available	BCF value available	Quantitative assessment conducted
Zn	Metal ion	Partitioning coeff. Available	No See McGeer et al., 2013	Not needed
Co, S, Sb, Ag, Al, Sn, Mn, Mg	Metal ion	*	*	*

* More information on the scope of the UVCB assessment can be found in section 9 of the CSR.

When quantitative exposure and risk assessment were conducted on a metal constituent, the environmental fate information on this individual metal is reported in the respective IUCLID endpoint summary sheet. The information is taken from the respective metal REACH IUCLID dossiers (see Annex II of this CSR) and is summarized in the table below.

 

Table13:Overview of solid water partition coefficients (Kd), bioaccumulation factors and the fraction of emission directed to water by STP for the Copper intermediates.

Parameter		Unit		Cu		Pb		As		Ni		Zn
Suspended matter (freshwater)	L/Kg	30,246	295,121	10,000	26,303	110,000
Suspended matter (marine)	L/Kg	131,826	1,518,099	10,000	15,848	6,010
Sediment (freshwater)	L/Kg	24,409	154,882	158.2	7,079	73,000
Soil	L/Kg	2,120	6,400	2,512	724	158
BCF/BAF (aquatic)	L/kg	NR	1,553	270	270	NR
BCF/BAF (terrestrial)	kg/kg dw	NR	0.39	0.26		NR
Removal rate STP to sludge	%	80	84	26*	40	82

*The fraction of Arsenic removed by a biological STP was calculated by means of EUSES 2.1.