Trilead bis(carbonate) dihydroxide

Short-term toxicity to fish

Administrative data

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline followed (with exceptions). Study well conducted and documented.

Cross-reference

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Data source

Reference

Reference 1

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2007

Reference 2

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2010

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: US EPA (1993): Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

(1) Fathead minnows were 7-day old at onset of testing, (2) acclimated to the test medium for 7-days prior to testing, (3) were fed prior to and (4) at 48 hours during the test.

GLP compliance:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Lead dinitrate

EC Number:

233-245-9

EC Name:

Lead dinitrate

Cas Number:

10099-74-8

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Lead, PbNO3

Sampling and analysis

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Concentrations: From each treatment

Test solutions

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Fathead minnow (FHM)
- Source: Aquatic BioSystem, Inc. (Fort Collins, CO, USA)
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 7 days
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: freshly hatched nauplii larvae
- Frequency: at 48h


ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 1 week
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): acclimated to the test medium
- Type and amount of food: freshly hatched nauplii larvae
- Feeding frequency: once daily

Study design

Test type:

flow-through

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Test conditions

Hardness:

Hardness values ranged between 4.8 mg/L and 65.8 mg/L as CaCO3
See for details the table below.

Test temperature:

range: 17.5See for details the table below.

pH:

range: 5.35See for details the table below.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

pH Nominal Pb (µg/L) Measured Pb (µg/L)
5.35 0, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 0, 60, 71, 142, 427, 1109
5.67 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 0, 14, 42, 88, 213, 438
6.34 0, 60, 120, 250, 500, 1000 0, 69, 148, 368, 507, 1207
6.71 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 0, 16, 36, 77, 177,320
7.08 0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8500, 12000, 17500, 25000 1, 2271, 5476, 7532, 9620, 12321, 17098, 13961
7.4 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 0, 580, 969, 1548, 3012, 4154
7.46 0, 100, 250, 400, 550, 700 0, 103, 218, 303, 543, 661
7.47 0, 1000, 2500, 4000, 5500, 8000 0, 1019, 2318,3402, 6700, 8031
7.5 0, 50, 150, 300, 600, 1000 0, 58, 166, 310, 678, 1069
7.5 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1200 0, 86, 221, 412, 1003, 1723
7.51 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 0, 231, 193, 1368, 2480, 3671
7.52 0, 100, 300, 500, 800, 1200 0, 145, 412, 767, 1127, 1929
7.55 0, 450, 900, 1350, 1800, 2400 0, 389, 791, 1123, 1586, 2460
7.55 0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 0, 300, 779, 1101, 1610, 1993
7.58 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 0, 49, 114, 249, 580, 901
7.59 0, 200, 400, 600, 900, 1200 0, 109, 353, 539, 961, 1252
7.6 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 0, 177, 360, 629, 832, 1158
7.61 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 0, 884, 2053, 3209, 4007, 6481
7.7 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000 0, 460, 936, 1693, 2781, 3438
7.85 0, 150, 300, 450, 900, 1400 0, 173, 340, 545, 1150, 1679
7.99 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 0, 636, 1070, 1511, 1661, 1859
8.26 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1600 0, 231, 450, 894, 1321, 1949

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM

Exposures were conducted under flow through conditions as outlined in Grosell et al (2006)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: polyethylene beakers
1 Primary mixing chamber: 30L (250ml/min)
6 Secondary mixing chambers: 4L each (30ml/min)
test chambers: 1L

Stock solutions of CaSO4, Aldrich humic acid (HA) or MOPS-KOH were added to the primary mixing chambers via Mariotte bottles or peristaltic pumps. Each primary mixing chamber fed test water via gravity to a total of six secondary mixing chambers at a constant rate of approximately 30ml/min. Lead stock solution was added to these secondary mixing chambers from Mariotte bottles.

- Aeration: yes
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): mariotte bottles or peristaltic pumps
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 6-8ml/min
- No. of fertilized eggs/embryos per vessel: 10 larval fathead minnows
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: deionized water with dechlorinated Virginia Key tapwater (2:1).
See table below for more water parameters

- Intervals of water quality measurement: daily for the first three days of exposure, once-twice per week for the remaining exposure

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : mortality

Results and discussion

Effect concentrations

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

>= 40.79 - <= 3 597.95 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (arithm. mean)

Conc. based on:

dissolved

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: See the table below for details on the relation between water parametrs and LC50 values.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Survival data was evaluated using ToxCalc TM version 5.0 (Tidepool Scentific, CA, US). LC50 was determined by linear regression.
In all cases, samples were considered statistically significantly different at P<0.05.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Values of LC50 compared with the various water parameters:

pH	Hardness	Na^+	K^+	Ca^2+	Mg^2+	Cl^-	SO4^2-	CO2	DOC	T °C	LC50 (µg/L)
5.67	15.9	165	7	101	58	429	25	n.d.	53	26	40.79
6.71	4.8	98	40	23	25	64	20	n.d.	105	26	68.17
5.35	27.8	716	12	218	60	1473	52	n.d.	134	19.8	162.3
7.58	18.5	519	24.5	131	54.1	431	40	182	79	22.7	178.1
6.34	28.7	561	10	226	61	903	41	n.d.	118	20.5	265.0
8.26	24.6	1050	10	186	60	577	48	n.d.	123	20	339.9
7.5	23.43	1361	28.9	165	69.3	1956	62	258	92	22.5	369.7
7.6	20	600	25.9	137	58.5	598	54	167	115	23.8	608.4
7.55	32.6	667	52	251	75	704	52	n.d.	182	26	622.4
7.5	29.7	579	10	234	63	415	43	n.d.	104	20.5	624.4
7.99	21.9	1353	32.6	149	69.6	592	42	1002	96	22.3	703.2
7.46	32	624	26	258	61.8	567	153	236	97	24.4	744.1
7.52	22.3	853	28	157	66.3	736	63	428	88	22.2	815.5
7.85	22.6	1089	28.4	160	66	722	63	744	91	22.1	995.7
7.55	51.5	643	25.1	445	70.1	590	334	202	94	23.6	1015
7.4	65.8	658	25.4	590	68.1	616	507	192	90	24.5	1068
7.59	21.4	605	25	154	60.1	606	52	185	138	24	1076
7.7	64.5	962	27.4	550	95	732	377	95	7.71	19	1148
7.51	21.5	616	25.6	152	62.6	609	52	176	216	24.9	1356
7.47	357	633	19.7	2950	61.7	462	2019		88	17.5	1719
7.6	20.9	630	26.1	148	60.9	618	55	248	420	24.6	3249
7.08	26	268	48	195	2	194	25	n.d.	1321	26	3598

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Increasing DOC or hardness decreases the toxicity of lead in fish significantly due to a decrease of the bioavailability of the lead ion. Changing the concentrations of Na+, K+ or Mg2+ had no additional significant effect on toxicity expressed as the 96h-LC50 for fish. The lowest and the highest 96h-LC50 differed by almost three orders of magnitude (range: 40 - 3600 µg/L).

Executive summary:

In a study according to guideline US EPA (1993), 22 individual reliable acute toxicity data points for one specie Pimephales promelas were summarized in this data point:

After exposures were conducted under flow through conditions and for different pH and hardness values, the acute toxicity values (96h-LC50) for Pimephales promelas varied between of 40.8 µg dissolved Pb/L (at pH 5.67, hardness of 15.9 mg/L and a DOC of 53 mg/L) and 3598 µg dissolved Pb/L (at pH 7.1, hardness of 26 mg/L and a DOC of 1321 mg/L ).