Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 266-340-9 | CAS number: 66402-68-4 This category encompasses the various chemical substances manufactured in the production of ceramics. For purposes of this category, a ceramic is defined as a crystalline or partially crystalline, inorganic, non-metallic, usually opaque substance consisting principally of combinations of inorganic oxides of aluminum, calcium, chromium, iron, magnesium, silicon, titanium, or zirconium which conventionally is formed first by fusion or sintering at very high temperatures, then by cooling, generally resulting in a rigid, brittle monophase or multiphase structure. (Those ceramics which are produced by heating inorganic glass, thereby changing its physical structure from amorphous to crystalline but not its chemical identity are not included in this definition.) This category consists of chemical substances other than by-products or impurities which are formed during the production of various ceramics and concurrently incorporated into a ceramic mixture. Its composition may contain any one or a combination of these substances. Trace amounts of oxides and other substances may be present. The following representative elements are principally present as oxides but may also be present as borides, carbides, chlorides, fluorides, nitrides, silicides, or sulfides in multiple oxidation states, or in more complex compounds.@Aluminum@Lithium@Barium@Magnesium@Beryllium@Manganese@Boron@Phosphorus@Cadmium@Potassium@Calcium@Silicon@Carbon@Sodium@Cerium@Thorium@Cesium@Tin@Chromium@Titanium@Cobalt@Uranium@Copper@Yttrium@Hafnium@Zinc@Iron@Zirconium
Toxicity to microorganisms
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Based on the justification of both main components of the test substance:
No effects were seen in one activated sludge respiration inhibition test for aluminium chloride up to the highest test concentration (1000 mg/L).
In the environment, lime substances rapidly dissociate or react with water. From these reactions it is clear that the effect of calcium oxide will be caused either by calcium or hydroxyl ions. Since calcium is abundantly present in the environment and since the effect concentrations are within the same order of magnitude of its natural concentration, it can be assumed that the adverse effects are mainly caused by the pH increase caused by the hydroxyl ions.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
There are no studies available for “Reaction product of thermal process between 1000°C and 2000°C of mainly aluminium oxide and calcium oxide based raw materials with at least CaO+Al2O3 >80% , in which aluminium oxide and calcium oxide in varying amounts are combined in various proportions into a multiphase crystalline matrix”. As this substance is an UVCB substance with aluminium oxide (AL2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO) as main constituents, data and justification based on both main components were taken into account by read across following a structural analogue approach.
Aluminium-compounds:
Aluminium is amongst the most common elements in the earth’s crust and can be found in great abundance in both the terrestrial and sediment environments. The relative contributions of anthropogenic aluminium to the existing natural pools of aluminium in soils and sediments is therefore not relevant either in terms of added amounts or in terms of toxicity. Based on these exposure considerations additional sediment and/or soil testing is not warranted. More information about exposure based waiving for aluminium in soil and sediments can be found in attached document (White paper on exposure based waiving for Fe and Al in soils and sediments final 15-03-2010. pdf, see attachment).
One activated sludge respiration inhibition test is reported with a soluble aluminium salt. This test was performed with aluminum chloride (CAS RN 7446-70-0) according to standard guideline. No effects were seen up to the highest test concentration of 1000 mg/l test material. The test substance contained 20 g Al/100 g and the test concentrations can be converted to mg/l Al. 1000 mg/l test material is equal to 200 mg/l Al.
Table D: Toxicity to aquatic micro-organisms
species |
endpoint |
set up |
result (mg/l) |
|
Aluminum chloride |
||||
Activated sludge, domestic |
EC10-180min |
static |
> 200 |
Al |
Calcium-compounds:
One study for toxicity to microorganisms is available for calcium dihydroxide. This substance is structurally and compositionally related to aluminium oxide, one main substance of the test material. The study (Egeler & Goth, 2007) was conducted according to OECD 209 with activated sludge and resulted in EC50 (3h) of 300.4 mg/L (nominal) based on respiration rate.
In the environment, lime substances rapidly dissociate or react with water.These reactions, together with the equivalent amount of hydroxyl ions set free when considering 100mg of the lime compound (hypothetic example), are illustrated below:
Ca(OH)2 <-> Ca2+ + 2OH-
100 mg Ca(OH)2 or 1.35 mmol sets free 2.70 mmol
CaO + H2O <-> Ca2+ + 2OH-
100 mg CaO or 1.78 mmol sets free 3.56 mmol
From these reactions it is clear that the effect of calcium oxide will be caused either by calcium or hydroxyl ions. Since calcium is abundantly present in the environment and since the effect concentrations are within the same order of magnitude of its natural concentration, it can be assumed that the adverse effects are mainly caused by the pH increase caused by the hydroxyl ions. Furthermore, the above mentioned calculations show that the base equivalents are within a factor 2 for calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. As such, it can be reasonably expected that the effect on pH of calcium oxide is comparable to calcium hydroxide for a same application on a weight basis. Consequently, read-across from calcium hydroxide to calcium oxide is justified.
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