No IUPAC name is currently defined for Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (“Distilled Residue Grade”).

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

In a primary dermal irritation study, 3 young adult New Zealand white rabbits were dermally exposed to read across substance Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) for 24 hours. Animals then were observed for 72 hours. Irritation was scored by the method of Draize. In this study, Distilled Grade is a dermal irritant. A similar conclusion is expected for Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue (Distillation Residue Grade) based on the read-across justification.  

In a rabbit enucleated eye study 0.1 ml of Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade was instilled into three eyes of New Zealand White rabbits. The eyes were observed for 240 minutes. Irritation was scored by the method of McDonald-Shadduck. Moderate fluorescein uptake was noted in the test eyes 240 minutes following test material application. No fluorescein uptake was noted in the control eyes 240 minutes following treatment. Following assessment of the data for all endpoints, the test material was considered to have the potential to cause ocular irritancy in vivo. An in vivo eye irritation study is not required. A similar conclusion is expected for Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue (Distillation Residue Grade) based on the read-across justification.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Skin irritation / corrosion

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

skin irritation: in vivo

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH (ENDPOINT LEVEL)
The basis for the adoption of a category approach for the three grades of processed Cashew Nutshell Extract is the commonality of the constituents and functional groups in the three grades and the common modes of action for specific localised endpoints that are manifest in physico-chemical, environmental fate and toxicological properties that are similar or follow a regular pattern as a result of structural similarity. The ECHA Final Decisions on the Annex IX and X (mammalian toxicology, ecotoxicology and environmental fate) Testing Proposals for three grades confirmed the applicability of a category approach which involves reading data across from the source substances Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) and Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue (Distillation Residue Grade) to the target substance Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated (Technical Grade) by interpolation. In this context interpolation is “the estimation of a value for a member of the group using measured values from other members on both sides of that member within the defined group spectrum”. Further details on the justification for using the interpolation based read-across approach are given in the attached document “Report on the grouping and read-across rationale for the three grades of processed Cashew Nutshell Extract”. The interpolation approach has been applied to the Annex IX OECD TG408 and TG414 testing on Distilled and Distillation Residue Grades. For the Annex VII and VIII endpoints a programme of testing has been carried out to provide comparative information for the three grades and develop a data matrix to support the category and read-across approaches. This has involved generating reliable data for all Annex VII and VIII physico-chemical and environmental fate endpoints and certain mammalian toxicity properties. However, based on the discussions surrounding the Final Decisions it was not considered necessary to apply this approach retrospectively to address all identified data gaps at Annexes VII and VIII. The original data used for the registration of a single substance (Cashew Nutshell Liquid, CAS Number 8007-24-7) was largely based on data for Distilled Grade since this was considered to be the most (eco) toxicologically active form, given the higher content of low molecular weight constituents (such as cardanol) and the low content of polymeric species. Therefore, based on the use of the category approach it is considered appropriate to read-across from the existing short-term mammalian toxicity data for Distilled Grade to the other two grades.
2. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION (ENDPOINT LEVEL)
For the skin irritation in vivo endpoint no test data is available for the registered substance Distillation Residue Grade. However data is available for the compositionally similar substance Distilled Grade which is part of the category of the three grades of CNSL. In a primary dermal irritation study, 3 young adult New Zealand white rabbits were dermally exposed to Distilled Grade for 24 hours. Animals then were observed for 72 hours. Irritation was scored by the method of Draize and Distilled Grade was characterised as a dermal irritant. It is considered appropriate to read-across from the data for Distilled Grade to Distillation Residue Grade with the result that it has been estimated that Distillation Residue Grade will result in skin irritation in vivo.

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #1

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

24 h

Score:

2

Max. score:

2

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #2

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

24 h

Score:

3

Max. score:

3

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #3

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

24 h

Score:

3

Max. score:

3

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #1

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

72 h

Score:

> 4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #2

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

72 h

Score:

> 4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #3

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

72 h

Score:

> 4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #1

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

24 h

Score:

3

Max. score:

3

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #2

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

24 h

Score:

4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #3

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

24 h

Score:

4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #1

Remarks:

Sample 1500-01

Time point:

72 h

Score:

2

Max. score:

2

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #2

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

72 h

Score:

4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #3

Remarks:

Sample 1500-1

Time point:

72 h

Score:

4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

48 h

Remarks on result:

not measured/tested

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #2

Time point:

48 h

Remarks on result:

not measured/tested

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #3

Time point:

48 h

Remarks on result:

not measured/tested

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

48 h

Remarks on result:

not measured/tested

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #2

Time point:

48 h

Remarks on result:

not measured/tested

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #3

Time point:

48 h

Remarks on result:

not measured/tested

Interpretation of results:

irritating

Remarks:

Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU

Conclusions:

In a primary dermal irritation study, 3 young adult New Zealand white rabbits were dermally exposed to Distilled Grade for 24 hours. Animals then were observed for 72 hours. Irritation was scored by the method of Draize and Distilled Grade was characterised as a dermal irritant. It is considered appropriate to read-across from the data for Distilled Grade to Distillation Residue Grade with the result that it has been estimated that Distillation Residue Grade will result in skin irritation in vivo.

Executive summary:

For the skin irritation in vivo endpoint no test data is available for the registered substance Distillation Residue Grade. However data is available for the compositionally similar substance Distilled Grade which is part of the category of the three grades of CNSL. In a primary dermal irritation study, 3 young adult New Zealand white rabbits were dermally exposed to Distilled Grade for 24 hours. Animals then were observed for 72 hours. Irritation was scored by the method of Draize and Distilled Grade was characterised as a dermal irritant. It is considered appropriate to read-across from the data for Distilled Grade to Distillation Residue Grade with the result that it has been estimated that Distillation Residue Grade will result in skin irritation in vivo.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed (irritating)

Eye irritation

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Justification for type of information:

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH (ENDPOINT LEVEL)
The basis for the adoption of a category approach for the three grades of processed Cashew Nutshell Extract is the commonality of the constituents and functional groups in the three grades and the common modes of action for specific localised endpoints that are manifest in physico-chemical, environmental fate and toxicological properties that are similar or follow a regular pattern as a result of structural similarity. The ECHA Final Decisions on the Annex IX and X (mammalian toxicology, ecotoxicology and environmental fate) Testing Proposals for three grades confirmed the applicability of a category approach which involves reading data across from the source substances Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) and Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue (Distillation Residue Grade) to the target substance Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated (Technical Grade) by interpolation. In this context interpolation is “the estimation of a value for a member of the group using measured values from other members on both sides of that member within the defined group spectrum”. Further details on the justification for using the interpolation based read-across approach are given in the attached document “Report on the grouping and read-across rationale for the three grades of processed Cashew Nutshell Extract”. The interpolation approach has been applied to the Annex IX OECD TG408 and TG414 testing on Distilled and Distillation Residue Grades. For the Annex VII and VIII endpoints a programme of testing has been carried out to provide comparative information for the three grades and develop a data matrix to support the category and read-across approaches. This has involved generating reliable data for all Annex VII and VIII physico-chemical and environmental fate endpoints and certain mammalian toxicity properties. However, based on the discussions surrounding the Final Decisions it was not considered necessary to apply this approach retrospectively to address all identified data gaps at Annexes VII and VIII. The original data used for the registration of a single substance (Cashew Nutshell Liquid, CAS Number 8007-24-7) was largely based on data for Distilled Grade since this was considered to be the most (eco) toxicologically active form, given the higher content of low molecular weight constituents (such as cardanol) and the low content of polymeric species. Therefore, based on the use of the category approach it is considered appropriate to read-across from the existing short-term mammalian toxicity data for Distilled Grade to the other two grades.
2. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION (ENDPOINT LEVEL
For the eye irritation in vivo endpoint no test data is available for the registered substance Distillation Residue Grade. However data is available for the compositionally similar substance Distilled Grade which is part of the category of the three grades of CNSL. In a rabbit enucleated eye study 0.1 ml of Distilled Grade was instilled into three eyes of New Zealand White rabbits. The eyes were observed for 240 minutes. Irritation was scored by the method of McDonald-Shadduck. Moderate fluorescein uptake was noted in the test eyes 240 minutes following test material application. No fluorescein uptake was noted in the control eyes 240 minutes following treatment. Following assessment of the data for all endpoints, the test material was considered to have the potential to cause ocular irritancy in vivo and an in vivo eye irritation study was not required. It is considered appropriate to read-across from the data for Distilled Grade to Distillation Residue Grade with the result that it has been estimated that an eye irritation test in vivo is not required for Distillation Residue Grade given its potential to cause ocular irritancy.

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #1, 60 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #1, 120 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #1, 180 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #1, 240 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #2, 60 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #2, 120 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #2, 180 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #2, 240 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #3, 60 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #3, 120 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #3, 180 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #3, 240 mins

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #1, 60 mins

Value:

12.7

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #1, 120 mins

Value:

26.2

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #1, 180 mins

Value:

39.3

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #1, 240 mins

Value:

69.6

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #2, 60 mins

Value:

12.3

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #2, 120 mins

Value:

23.5

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #2, 180 mins

Value:

43.8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #2, 240 mins

Value:

51.4

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #3, 60 mins

Value:

16.3

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #3, 120 mins

Value:

27.3

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #3, 180 mins

Value:

53.6

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

percent corneal swelling

Run / experiment:

Chamber #3, 240 mins

Value:

73.5

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

fluorescein retention score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #1

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

fluorescein retention score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #2

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Irritation parameter:

fluorescein retention score

Run / experiment:

Test Eye #3

Value:

> 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Other effects / acceptance of results:

The data for all endpoints was assessed and an estimate of the test material ocular irritancy potential was made based on the following cut off values:

REET Parameter REET Cut off value
Maximum Corneal Opacity (Corneal Cloudiness x Area) > or = 4
Maximum Fluorescein Uptake (Intensity x Area) > or = 4
Mean Corneal Swelling (mins) 60,120,240 > or = 25%
Corneal Epithelium Observations Any with pitting, motting or slouhing

Pitting and sloughing of the corneal epithelium was noted in all test eyes during the study.

Moderate loss of transparency was noted in all test eyes during the study ie. the value obtained was >4.

Corneal swelling of the test eyes was considerably greater than that observed in the control eyes over the same period.

Interpretation of results:

Category 1 (irreversible effects on the eye)

Remarks:

Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU

Conclusions:

Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) causes severe irritation to eyes. A similar conclusion is expected for Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue (Distilled Residue Grade).

Executive summary:

For the eye irritation in vivo endpoint no test data is available for the registered substance Distillation Residue Grade. However, data is available for the compositionally similar substance Distilled Grade which is part of the category of the three grades of CNSL. In a rabbit enucleated eye study 0.1 ml of Distilled Grade was instilled into three eyes of New Zealand White rabbits. The eyes were observed for 240 minutes. Irritation was scored by the method of McDonald-Shadduck. Moderate fluorescein uptake was noted in the test eyes 240 minutes following test material application. No fluorescein uptake was noted in the control eyes 240 minutes following treatment. Following assessment of the data for all endpoints, the test material was considered to have the potential to cause ocular irritancy in vivo and an in vivo eye irritation study was not required. It is considered appropriate to read-across from the data for Distilled Grade to Distillation Residue Grade with the result that it has been estimated that an eye irritation test in vivo is not required for Distillation Residue Grade given its potential to cause ocular irritancy.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed (irritating)

Respiratory irritation

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) is irritating to skin and severely irritating to the eyes.

A document which justifies the read–across from Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) to Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue Distillation Residue Grade) is attached in the endpoint summary.

Effects on skin irritation/corrosion: irritating

Effects on eye irritation: highly irritating

Justification for classification or non-classification

Skin irritation was observed in a primary dermal irritation study carried out on Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade). In a rabbit enucleated eye study, Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) was identified as a severe eye irritant. Similar conclusions are expected for Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distillation Residue (Distillation Residue Grade) based on the read-across justification.