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EC number: 931-285-8 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Specific investigations: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- mechanistic studies
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Increased Frequency of Resistance to Terminal Differentiation in C3H Mouse Cells Produced by Genotoxic but Not Nongenotoxic Carcinogens
- Author:
- R. T. PRZYGODA, J. J. FREEMAN, S. KATZ and R. H. MCKEE
- Year:
- 1 994
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicol. Sci. (1994) 23 (2): 261-267. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/23.2.261
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Skin from mice treated with various petroleum products was evaluated in vitro to assess induction of terminal differentiation by calcium. Occurence of calcium resistant cells are believed to be represent early stages in the skin carcinogenesis process.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vitro
- Endpoint addressed:
- carcinogenicity
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Lightly refined paraffinic oil
- IUPAC Name:
- Lightly refined paraffinic oil
- Details on test material:
- Test material was a narrow cut, straight run middle distillate material which was refined by acid treatment. It contained approximately 16% aromatic constituents, the majority of which were one- to two-ring compounds. The only identified molecules containing more than two aromatic rings were
three-ring species, and these were not mutagenic when separated and tested in Salmonella assays. Repeated application to mouse skin produces tumors, but testing in two-stage carcinogenicity assays indicates the tumorgenic properties result from promotion, not initiation.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- C3H
- Sex:
- male
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Single treatment
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0.2 mL
Basis:
other: nominal amount applied
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Fourteen
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- yes, sham-exposed
Results and discussion
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Results indicate frequency of calcium resistant cells (keratinocytes) from the skin of mice treated with nongenotoxic petroleum substances such as lightly refined paraffinic oil or mineral oil are not greater than untreated or acetone-treated mice. Conversely, petroleum streams such as catalytically cracked clarified oil that are mutagenic in modified Ames assays are associated with significant increased frequency of calcium resistant cells in the skin of exposed mice. The results support the hypothesis that skin tumors resulting from repeated dermal exposure to irritating, but non-genotoxic petroleum streams are a secondary effect and not indicative of an inherent carcinogenic hazard property.
- Executive summary:
Calcium-resistant cells (CRCs) may represent an early stage in the carcinogenic process, in part, because frequency increases after treatment with mutagens. The frequency of CRCs in C3H mouse skin was measured before and after treatment with certain petroleum-derived materials. Skin from mice treated with lightly refined paraffinic oil treatment did not significantly alter CRC frequency; however, treatment with genotoxic, carcinogenic catalytically cracked clarified oil resulted in a statistically significant and dose-related increase CRC in the skin from mice. These results are consistent with observations that genotoxic, petroleum-derived liquids are capable of tumor initiation in mouse skin, whereas petroleum derived materials which are not genotoxic do not initiate skin tumors. Thus, tumor production observed with these products is consistent with the hypothesis that repeated skin irritation or damage acts as a tumor promoting stimulus and is not the result of an inherently carcinogenic property.
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