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Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
Experiment start date - 15 August 2012; Experiment end date - 01 October 2012; Study completion date - 06 March 2013.
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2013
Report date:
2013

Materials and methods

Test guidelineopen allclose all
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Guideline 421, Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test, July 1995.
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: The United States EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines, OPPTS 870.3550, Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test, July 2000.
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Limit test:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
-
EC Number:
429-240-8
EC Name:
-
Cas Number:
212652-59-0
Molecular formula:
Hill formula: C25 H22 F N8 Na3 O13 S4 CAS formula: C25 H25 F N8 O13 S4 · 3 Na
IUPAC Name:
trisodium 3-amino-4-[2-(4-{[4-({2-[2-(ethenesulfonyl)ethoxy]ethyl}amino)-6-fluoro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino}-2-sulfonatophenyl)diazen-1-yl]-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonate
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Identity: FAT 40574/C
Batch: BOP 01-12 (15 February 2012)
Purity: Sum of all coloured substance: 86.2 %; main constituents: 73.9 %
Appearance: Solid, dark-red powder
Storage: At room temperature
Expiration Date: 20 February 2017.

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
Wistar
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany.
Nulliparous and nonpregnant females and untreated animals were used at initiation of the study.
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 11 weeks.
- Weight at study initiation: mean weight at start of treatment was 324 gr (males) or 207 gr (females).
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing:
Pre-mating: Animals were housed in groups of 5 animals/sex/cage in Macrolon cages.
Mating: Females were caged together with males on a one-to-one-basis in Macrolon cages.
Post-mating: Males were housed in their home cage with a maximum of 5 animals/cage. Females were individually housed in Macrolon cages. Pups were kept with the dam until termination
General: Sterilised sawdust as bedding material and paper as cage enrichment were supplied.
- Diet: Free access to pelleted rodent diet (SM R/M-Z from SSNIFF® Spezialdiäten GmbH, Soest, Germany).
- Water: Free access to tap water.
- Acclimation period: At least 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Environmental controls for the animal room were set to maintain 18 to 24 °C, a relative humidity of 40 to 70 %, approximately 15 room air changes/hour, and a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle.

IN-LIFE DATES
From: 16 August - 01 October 2012

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
water
Details on exposure:
- Method of formulation: Formulations (w/w) were prepared daily within 5 hours prior to dosing and were homogenized to a visually acceptable level. No adjustment was made for specific gravity/density of the test substance, vehicle, and/or formulation. No correction was made for the purity/composition of the test substance.
- Storage conditions of formulations: At ambient temperature..
- Dose volume: 10 mL/kg body weight. Actual dose volumes were calculated according to the latest body weight.
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
Samples (0.5 mL) were taken using a pipette (a clean pipette tip was used for every group), and were weighed on an analytical balance at 4 decimals precision. During sampling, formulations were placed on a magnetic stirrer. Immediately after sampling (accuracy and homogeneity samples) or after 5 hours at room temperature under normal laboratory light conditions (stability samples), samples were stored on dry ice. Samples remained on dry ice until receipt at ABL, The Netherlands, where samples were stored at ≤-70 °C until analysis. Samples of formulations were analyzed for homogeneity (highest and lowest concentration) and accuracy of preparation (all concentrations). Stability in vehicle over 5 hours at room temperature under normal laboratory light conditions was also determined (highest and lowest concentration). The accuracy of preparation was considered acceptable if the mean measured concentrations were 90-110 % of the target concentration. Homogeneity was demonstrated if the coefficient of variation was ≤10 %. Formulations were considered stable if the relative difference before and after storage was maximally 10 %. The concentrations analysed in the formulations of Group 2, 3 and 4 were in agreement with target concentrations (i.e. mean accuracies between 90 % and 110 %). No test substance was detected in the Group 1 formulations. The formulations of Group 2 and 4 were homogeneous (i.e. coefficient of variation ≤10 %). Formulations at the entire range were stable when stored at room temperature under normal laboratory light conditions for at least 5 hours (i.e. relative difference ≤10 %). The long term storage samples were stable at ≤-70 °C for at least 14 days.
Details on mating procedure:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1 (one female was cohabitated with one male of the same treatment group, avoiding sibling mating).
- Age at mating of the animals in the study: Approximately 13 weeks
- Length of cohabitation: A maximum of 14 days was allowed for mating.
- Proof of pregnancy: Detection of mating was confirmed by evidence of sperm in the vaginal lavage, by the appearance of an intravaginal copulatory plug and/or by determination of the estrous stage. This day was designated Day 0 post-coitum. Once mating had occurred, the males and females were separated. Detection of mating was not confirmed for one animal at 1000 mg/kg which did deliver live offspring. The mating date of this animal was estimated at 21 days prior to the actual delivery date. This day was designated Day 0 postcoitum.
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged individually in Macrolon cages (MIII type, height 18 cm).
Duration of treatment / exposure:
Males were exposed for 28 days, i.e. 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and up to termination. Females were exposed for 41-46 days, i.e. during 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, during post-coitum, and during at least 4 days of lactation. One female of Group 1 and three females of Group 2 were not dosed during littering. Pups were not treated directly, but were potentially exposed to the test substance in utero and through lactational transfer.
Pups were not treated directly, but were potentially exposed to the test substance in utero and through lactational transfer.
Frequency of treatment:
Once daily for 7 d/w.
Duration of test:
Males: 28 days
Females: 41-46 days
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 1 : Control group
Dose / conc.:
100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 2 : Low dose group
Dose / conc.:
300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 3 : Mid dose group
Dose / conc.:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 4 : High dose group
No. of animals per sex per dose:
10
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
- Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were based on a 28-day toxicity study in Wistar rats (RCC Project 725567) in which 50, 200 and 1000 mg/kg were tested. Some changes in clinical biochemistry parameters were seen at 1000 mg/kg, which were considered a metabolic adaptation to the administration of a xenobiotic. At 1000 mg/kg, microscopic findings were noted in the heart, stomach, colon and cecum; these organs were therefore collected during the repro screening study for possible further examinations.
- Parturition: The females were allowed to litter normally. Day 1 of lactation was defined as the day when a litter was found completed (i.e. membranes, placentas cleaned up, nest built up and/or feeding of pups started). Females that were littering were left undisturbed.
- Identification of pups: On Day 1 of lactation, all pups were individually identified by means of subcutaneous injection of Indian ink.

Examinations

Maternal examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS
- Time schedule: At least twice daily.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS
- Time schedule: Daily from start of treatment onwards, detailed clinical observations were made in all animals. The time of onset, grade and duration of any observed sign was recorded. Signs were graded for severity.

BODY WEIGHT
- Time schedule for examinations: Males and females were weighed on the first day of exposure and weekly thereafter. Mated females were weighed on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 post-coitum and during lactation on Days 1 and 4.

FOOD CONSUMPTION
- Weekly, except for males and females which were housed together for mating and for females without evidence of mating. Food consumption of mated females was measured on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 postcoitum and on Days 1 and 4 of lactation.

FOOD EFFICIENCY
- (average food consumption [per animal per day]/average body weight per cage)x1000

WATER CONSUMPTION
No. Subjective appraisal was maintained during the study, but no quantitative investigation introduced as no effect was suspected.

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
No.

HAEMATOLOGY
No.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
No.

URINALYSIS
No.

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION
No.

GENERAL REPRODUCTION DATA
- Male number paired with, mating date, confirmation of pregnancy, and delivery day was recorded.
- Pregnant females were examined to detect signs of difficult or prolonged parturition, and cage debris of these females was examined to detect signs of abortion or premature birth.
- Any deficiencies in maternal care (such as inadequate construction or cleaning of the nest, pups left scattered and cold, physical abuse of pups or apparently inadequate lactation or feeding) were examined.

GROSS PATHOLOGY:
- All animals were deeply anaesthetised and subsequently exsanguinated. The animals were not deprived of food overnight.
- According to test guidelines

ORGAN WEIGHTS
- All males: Epididymides and testes

HISTOPATHOLOGY:
- According to test guidelines
Ovaries and uterine content:
The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: No
- Number of late resorptions: No
Fetal examinations:
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross abnomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities.
- Mortality: The numbers of live and dead pups on Day 1 of lactation and daily thereafter were determined. If possible, defects or cause of death were evaluated.
- Clinical signs: At least once daily, detailed clinical observations were made in all animals.
- Body weights: Live pups were weighed on Days 1 and 4 of lactation.
- Sex: Sex was determined for all pups on Days 1 and 4 of lactation (by assessment of the ano-genital distance).

GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS
Yes, if possible, defects or cause of death were evaluated.
Statistics:
The following statistical methods were used to analyze the data:
- If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-test (Ref. 1; many-to-one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate was applied for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex.
- The Steel-test (Ref. 2; many-to-one rank test) was applied if the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
- The Fisher Exact-test (Ref. 3) was applied to frequency data.
All tests were two-sided and in all cases p < 0.05 was accepted as the lowest level of significance. Group means were calculated for continuous data and medians were calculated for discrete data (scores) in the summary tables. Test statistics were calculated on the basis of exact values for means and pooled variances. Individual values, means and standard deviations may have been rounded off before printing. Therefore, two groups may display the same printed means for a given parameter, yet display different test statistics values.

References:
Ref. 1 Dunnett C.W., A Multiple Comparison Procedure for Comparing Several Treatments with a Control, J. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 50, 1096-1121 (1955).
Ref. 2 Miller R.G., Simultaneous Statistical Inference, Springer Verlag, New York (1981).
Ref. 3 Fisher R.A., Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh (1950).
Indices:
Reproductive indices; For each group, the following calculations were performed:
- Mating index: Number of females mated/Number of females paired x 100
- Fertility index: Number of pregnant females/Number of females paired x 100
- Conception index: Number of pregnant females/Number of females mated x 100
- Gestation index: Number of females bearing live pups/Number of pregnant females x 100
- Duration of gestation: Number of days between confirmation of mating and the beginning of parturition

Offspring indices:
- Percentage live males at First Litter Check: Number of live male pups at First Litter Check/Number of live pups at First Litter Check x 100
- Percentage live females at First Litter Check: Number of live female pups at First Litter Check/Number of live pups at First Litter Check x 100
- Percentage of postnatal loss Days 0-4 of lactation: Number of dead pups on Day 4 of lactation/Number of live pups at First Litter Check x 100
- Viability index: Number of live pups on Day 4 of lactation / Number of pups born alive x 100

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

General toxicity (maternal animals)

Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
No clinical signs of toxicity were noted during the observation period. Purple discolouration/ staining of the faeces, urine, tail and whole body noted for several treated animals was considered due to the staining properties of the test substance, and not regarded toxicologically relevant. Incidental findings that were noted included salivation, chromodacryorrhoea, alopecia, and scales. These findings occurred within the range of background findings to be expected for rats of this age and strain which are housed and treated under the conditions in this study. At the incidence observed, these were considered signs of no toxicological relevance.
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Description (incidence):
No mortality occurred during the study period.
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Body weights and body weight gain of treated animals remained in the same range as controls over the treatment period. The statistically significantly decreased body weight gain noted on Day 4 of lactation for mid dose females was not considered toxicologically significant as it was a slight decrease and no dose response relationship was noted.
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Food consumption before or after allowance for body weight was similar between treated and control animals.
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Testes and epididymides weights and terminal body weights of treated males were similar to those of control animals.
Gross pathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
A thickened limited ridge in the stomach was noted for one male at 100 mg/kg and three males at 1000 mg/kg. Several treated animals showed purple discolouration/contents of the kidneys, stomach, jejunum, testes, skin, small intestines, epididymides, uterus, and/or cervix, which was considered due to the staining properties of the test substance and not regarded toxicologically relevant. The incidence of other incidental findings among control and treated animals was within the background range of findings that are encountered among rats of this age and strain, and did not show a dose-related incidence trend. These necropsy findings were therefore considered to be of no toxicological relevance, and included foci on the glandular mucosa of the stomach, preputial glands, clitoral glands or uterine adipose tissue, pelvic dilation of the kidneys, reddish discolouration of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and alopecia.
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
There were treatment-related microscopic findings in the stomach for males treated at 1000 mg/kg. Inflammation of the glandular stomach was present at increased incidence and severity in 5/5 (1 minimal, 3 slight, 1 moderate) 1000 mg/kg treated males, compared to background levels in 3/6 (3 minimal) control and 2/5 (2 minimal) 300 mg/kg treated males. Vacuolation of the limiting ridge was present at increased incidence and severity in 4/5 (2 minimal, 1 slight, 1 moderate) 1000 mg/kg treated males compared to background levels in 1/6 (slight) 100 mg/kg and 1/5 (minimal) 300 mg/kg treated males. Thickened limiting ridge was present at increased incidence and severity in 4/5 (1 minimal, 3 slight) 1000 mg/kg treated males compared to background levels in 2/6 (2 minimal) control, 2/6 (2 minimal) 100 mg/kg and 2/5 (2 minimal) 300 mg/kg treated males. All other microscopic findings recorded were within the normal range of background pathology encountered in Wistar Han rats of this age and strain. There were no treatment-related microscopic findings in the reproductive organs. Spermatogenic staging profiles were normal for all males examined.

Maternal developmental toxicity

Details on maternal toxic effects:
REPRODUCTIVE DATA
No toxicologically relevant effects on reproductive parameters were noted. Mating, fertility and conception indices, precoital time, and number of corpora lutea and implantation sites were unaffected by treatment.

Effect levels (maternal animals)

Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity

Maternal abnormalities

Abnormalities:
not specified

Results (fetuses)

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects. Remark: Only early postnatal pup development parameters were examined including body weight, post-natal loss, sex ratio, clinical signs, body weight and external macroscopy.

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There was no evidence of teratogenic effects based on the absence of relevant clinical signs and external macroscopic findings.

Effect levels (fetuses)

Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: No effects observed

Fetal abnormalities

Abnormalities:
not specified

Overall developmental toxicity

Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

DEVELOPMENTAL DATA
No toxicologically relevant effects on gestation index and duration, parturition, maternal care and early postnatal pup development (mortality, clinical signs, body weight and macroscopy) were observed.

MORTALITY PUPS
Two pups were found dead at first litter check (one of the control group and one at 1000 mg/kg) and two pups were missing on Day 2 of lactation (one at 100 mg/kg and one at 300 mg/kg). The pups that were missing were most likely cannibalised. No toxicological relevance was attributed to these dead/missing pups since the mortality incidence did not show a dose-related trend and remained within the range considered normal for pups of this age.

OBSERVATIONS: One pup of the control group that was found dead at first litter check showed a tapir model of the head and absence of milk in the stomach. As this concerned a control pup, it was not treatment related. One pup at 100 mg/kg that was missing on Day 2 of lactation, showed a blue discoloured abdomen on Day 1 of lactation. At 100 mg/kg, a blue lower part of the body was noted for one pup for the first two days of lactation; this recovered from Day 3 of lactation onwards. At 300 mg/kg, three pups of one litter showed blue spots in the neck for one or three days during lactation. Absence of milk in the stomach was noted at macroscopic examination for another pup of this litter. At macroscopic examination, one pup of a litter at 300 mg/kg showed a white, hard nodule (2x2 mm) subcutaneously on the back area. At 1000 mg/kg, absence of milk in the stomach was noted for the one pup that was found dead at first litter check. The nature and incidence of these signs remained within the range considered normal for pups of this age, and were therefore considered to be of no toxicological relevance.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
In conclusion, treatment with FAT 40574/C by oral gavage in male and female Wistar Han rats at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg revealed parental toxicity in the stomach at 1000 mg/kg for male animals only. No reproduction and developmental toxicity was observed for treatment up to 1000 mg/kg. Based on these results, a parental No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 300 mg/kg was established for male rats for local effects; the male parental NOAEL for systemic toxicity was at least 1000 mg/kg. A NOAEL of at least 1000 mg/kg was derived for female rats. The NOAEL for reproduction and development was at least 1000 mg/kg.
Executive summary:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the test substance to affect male and female reproductive performance such as gonadal function, mating behavior, conception, parturition and early postnatal development. The study was based on the following guidelines:


1) OECD 421, Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test, July 1995.


2) OPPTS 870.3550, Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test, July 2000.


Based on the results of a 28-day toxicity study, the dose levels for this reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test were selected to be 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg. After acclimatization, four groups of ten male and ten female Wistar Han rats were exposed by oral gavage to the test substance at 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg. Males were exposed for 28 days, i.e. 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and up to termination. Females were exposed for 41-46 days, i.e. during 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, during post-coitum, and during at least 4 days of lactation. The following observations and examinations were evaluated: mortality / viability, clinical signs (daily), body weight and food consumption (at least at weekly intervals), macroscopy at termination, organ weights and histopathology on a selection of tissues, and reproduction/developmental parameters, consisting of mating, fertility and conception indices, precoital time, number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, gestation index and duration, parturition, maternal care, sex ratio and early postnatal pup development (mortality, clinical signs, body weights and macroscopy). Formulations were analyzed once during the study to assess accuracy, homogeneity and stability. Accuracy, homogeneity and stability of formulations were demonstrated by analyses. Parental toxicity was observed at 1000 mg/kg for male animals only. There were treatment-related macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the stomach of 1000 mg/kg treated males. Thickened limiting ridge was noted at macroscopic examination which was confirmed at microscopic examinaton. In addition, there was inflammation in the glandular stomach and an increased incidence and severity of vacuolation of the limiting ridge. No reproduction and developmental toxicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested (1000 mg/kg). Treatment with FAT 40574/C by oral gavage in male and female Wistar Han rats at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg revealed parental toxicity in the stomach at 1000 mg/kg for male animals only. No reproduction and developmental toxicity was observed for treatment up to 1000 mg/kg. Based on these results, a parental No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 300 mg/kg was established for male rats for local effects; the male parental NOAEL for systemic toxicity was at least 1000 mg/kg. A NOAEL of at least 1000 mg/kg was derived for female rats. The NOAEL for reproduction and development was at least 1000 mg/kg.