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Ecotoxicological information

Sediment toxicity

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Endpoint:
sediment toxicity: long-term
Type of information:
(Q)SAR
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
Justification for type of information:
QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: QSAR model
Principles of method if other than guideline:
EPI Suite v 4.1/ECOSARv1.00
GLP compliance:
no
Remarks:
not applicable. QSAR model
Analytical monitoring:
not required
Vehicle:
no
Test organisms (species):
other: Earthworm
Details on test organisms:
no further information
Study type:
other: QSAR model
Test type:
other: QSAR model
Water media type:
freshwater
Type of sediment:
not specified
Limit test:
no
Duration:
14 d
Exposure phase:
total exposure duration
Hardness:
not applicable to QSAR models
Test temperature:
not applicable to QSAR models
pH:
not applicable to QSAR models
Dissolved oxygen:
not applicable to QSAR models
Salinity:
not applicable to QSAR models
Ammonia:
not applicable to QSAR models
Details on test conditions:
100% Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-(CAS No. 27176-87-0)
SMILES : : O=S(=O)(c1ccc(cc1)CCCCCCCCCCCC)O
CHEM : Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-
MOL FOR:C18 H30 O3 S1
MOL WT :326.50
Log Kow:4.78 (KowWin estimate)
Wat Sol:100 mg/L (measured)
Reference substance (positive control):
no
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
LC50
Effect conc.:
2 919.7 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
not specified
Conc. based on:
not specified
Basis for effect:
other: QSAR model
Details on results:
LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 2919.700 mg/L (ppm)
1 kg of water has a volume of 1 L and the mg/kg and mg/L are the same.
LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 2919.700 mg/kg soil dw

Overview of QSARs estimations on sediment toxicity of   Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid/ Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-

Method

 

Results

Remarks

Reference

QSAR

estimate

LC50 (14-day, earthworm)=2919.700 mg/L (ppm)

 

Reliable with restrictions,

QSAR estimated data

ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

 

  

LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 2919.700 mg/L (ppm)

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Remarks:
US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.
Conclusions:
LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 2919.700 mg/L (ppm)
1 kg of water has a volume of 1 L and the mg/kg and mg/L are the same.
LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 2919.700 mg/kg soil dw
Executive summary:

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that 14 -day LC50 value would to be 2919.700 mg/L (ppm) for freshwater sediment.

Endpoint:
sediment toxicity: long-term
Type of information:
other: published data
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Twenty grams (wet weight) of the prepared sediment was added to clean 60 mL glass vessels followed by 30 mL of groundwater drawn from an aquifer. After 24 hours of equilibration, 10 mature Lumbriculus (ca. 15 mm in length, 8 mg dry weight) were added to each vessel. Vessels were aerated for 5 minutes every day and the overlying water replenished with distilled water every two days. Each test concentration was replicated 6 times. LAS concentrations were measured at 0 and 28 days. After 28 days the sediment was removed and all live worms counted, blotted dry, and wet weighed prior to air drying for 48 hours to a constant dry weight.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
Liquid scintillation monitoring with and without HPLC.
Vehicle:
yes
Details on sediment and application:
Natural sediment was collected on Nov. 21, 1997 from ARC Study Centre, UK. The composition was 44% sand, 48% silt, and 8% clay. Total organic carbon content was 1.7%. Dried sediment samples were mixed with wet sediment for 1 hr. 10 +/-1 g samples of sediment were spiked with aliquots of LAS in dichloromethane (100 mg LAS/ml dichloromethane) and radiolabeled LAS. Samples were left overnight so the vehicle could evaporate. Unspiked sediment was used for control.
Test organisms (species):
Lumbriculus variegatus
Details on test organisms:
Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaete)
Study type:
laboratory study
Test type:
semi-static
Water media type:
freshwater
Type of sediment:
natural sediment
Limit test:
no
Duration:
28 d
Exposure phase:
total exposure duration
Hardness:
250 mg/L CaCO3
pH:
8.0
Nominal and measured concentrations:
nominal: 50, 75, 100, 150 300 and 600 mg/kg dry weight
Details on test conditions:
Twenty grams (wet weight) of the prepared sediment was added to clean 60 mL glass vessels followed by 30 mL of groundwater drawn from an aquifer. After 24 hours of equilibration, 10 mature Lumbriculus (ca. 15 mm in length, 8 mg dry weight) were added to each vessel. Vessels were aerated for 5 minutes every day and the overlying water replenished with distilled water every two days. Each test concentration was replicated 6 times. LAS concentrations were measured at 0 and 28 days. After 28 days the sediment was removed and all live worms counted, blotted dry, and wet weighed prior to air drying for 48 hours to a constant dry weight.

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : survival, reproduction, and biomass measurements at end of study
The mode of reproduction (architomy) necessitates the treatment of survival and reproduction as a single endpoint, i.e., number of organisms at test termination.
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
>= 105 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Remarks:
Survival and Growth
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
81 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Remarks:
Survival and Growth
Details on results:
LAS half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days. This is shorter than studies conducted in the same sediment without worms (half-life of 38 days), most likely due to increased bioturbation due to worm activity.

There was a loss of between 15 and 78% of the LAS radioactivity over the duration

of the test, which was attributed to mineralization of LAS by the worms and microorganisms

present in the sediment (biodegradation).   

Results are therefore based on the average of day 0 and day 28 measured sediment concentrations.  

 All results are shown in the following table.

                                    

Sediment Concentration (mg/kg dw)

Survival/Reproduction Endpoint

NOEC

LOEC

EC20

EC50

Based on nominal values

100

150

90

136

Based on measured day 0 values

136

170

131

164

Based on mean of days 0 & 28 values

81

110

73

105

Biomass Endpoint

Based on nominal values

100

150

108

144

Based on measured day 0 values

136

170

146

166

Based on mean of days 0 & 28 values

82

110

102

109

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Conclusions:
The 28-day EC50 is >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.
Executive summary:

This study determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with test substance at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/dry weight. 10 test organisms of species Lumbriculus variegatus were then added. Exposure lasted 28 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and biomass. The test substance half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days. The EC50 was >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.

Endpoint:
sediment toxicity: long-term
Type of information:
other: published data
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
A 3-day chronic study was conducted using sediment spiked with cold-material LAS.Nominal concentrations were in the range of 10 to 1,000 mg/kg/dw. The test species is an infaunal bacterial feeder with a short life cycle, so 72 hours (3 days) is considered a chronic test. The nominal concentrations were 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, 600 mg/kg/dry weight and controls. The test sediment contained 44% sand, 48% silt, and 8% clay, with 2% organic matter.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
Liquid scintillation monitoring with and without HPLC.
Vehicle:
yes
Details on sediment and application:
The test sediment contained 44% sand, 48% silt, and 8% clay, with 2% organic matter.
Test organisms (species):
Caenorhabditis elegans
Details on test organisms:
The test species is an infaunal bacterial feeder with a short life cycle, so 72 hrs (3 days) is considered a chronic test.
Study type:
laboratory study
Test type:
semi-static
Water media type:
freshwater
Type of sediment:
artificial sediment
Limit test:
no
Duration:
72 h
Exposure phase:
total exposure duration
Hardness:
250 mg/L CaCO3
pH:
8.0
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal concentrations were in the range of 10-1000 mg/kg dw. The nominal concentrations were 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw and controls.
Details on test conditions:
At the start of the test, ten juvenile worms of the first stage (270 ± 16 µm body length) were transferred to each test vial containing 0.75 g wet weight of spiked sediment mixed with 0.25 mL of a bacterial suspension. Five replicates were set up for each treatment, and the samples were incubated on a shaker at 20°C. After 72 hours the test was stopped by heat-killing the worms at approximately 50°C. The samples were mixed with an aqueous solution of rose Bengal to stain the worms for easier recovery. Sublethal toxicity endpoints were determined for growth based on the body length of the organisms, and fecundity by counting the number of eggs in the body of the test organism (egg production).
Duration:
3 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Effect conc.:
275 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Duration:
3 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
200 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Details on results:
The test was regarded as valid as the fertility of the test organisms in the control was ¿ 80%.

Nominal Sediment Concentration (mg/kg dw)

Test Parameter

NOEC

LOEC

EC10

EC30

Growth

200

300

275

Fertility

200

300

258

Egg Production

100

200

125

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Conclusions:
The 3-day EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.
Executive summary:

This study determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw mg/kg dw and controls. 10 test organisms of species Caenorhabditis elegans were then added. Exposure lasted 3 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and reproduction. The EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.

Description of key information

The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with test substance at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/dry weight. 10 test organisms of species Lumbriculus variegatus were then added. Exposure lasted 28 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and biomass. The test substance half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days. 
The EC50 was >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.
The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw mg/kg dw and controls. 10 test organisms of species Caenorhabditis elegans were then added. Exposure lasted 3 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and reproduction.
The EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

EC50 or LC50 for freshwater sediment:
105 mg/kg sediment dw
EC50 or LC50 for marine water sediment:
10.5 mg/kg sediment dw
EC10, LC10 or NOEC for freshwater sediment:
275 mg/kg sediment dw
EC10, LC10 or NOEC for marine water sediment:
27.5 mg/kg sediment dw

Additional information

The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with test substance at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/dry weight. 10 test organisms of species Lumbriculus variegatus were then added. Exposure lasted 28 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and biomass. The test substance half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days.

The EC50 was >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.

 

The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw mg/kg dw and controls. 10 test organisms of species Caenorhabditis elegans were then added. Exposure lasted 3 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and reproduction.

The EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.

 

The available data for marine water sediment are limited and to obtaine the value for PNECs for saltwaters is taken account a assesment factor 10 to extrapolate to LC50 following the “Guidance on Information Requirement and Chemical Safety Assessment R.10: Characterisation of dose [concentration]- response for environment”and “Table R.10-5 Assessment factors proposed for deriving PNEC water for saltwater for different data sets”, to account for the possibility that greater taxonomic diversity in the marine environment makes it likely that some marine taxa may be more sensitive than the most sensitive freshwater taxa.