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Ecotoxicological information

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

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Description of key information

Ethanol:
FRESHWATER (all EC50 or LC50 values and in mg/l)
Daphnia magna (48hr): 12340, (28hr) 18400, (24hr) >10000, >10000, (96hr) >100.
Ceriodaphnia dubia (48hr): 5012
Daphnia pulex (18hr): 12100
Streptocephalus proboscideus (24hr): 18800
Brachionus calyciflorus (24hr): 29600
Gammarus fasciatus (96hr) >100
Asellus intermedius (96hr) >100
Heliosoma trivolvis (96hr) >100
Dugesia tigrina (96hr) >100
SALTWATER
Artemia salina (24hr) 23900, >10000
Artemia salina (24hr – single study) 24hr nauplii: 1833; 48hr nauplii: 857: 72hr nauplii: 695
Brachionus plicatilis (24hr): 34500
Isopropanol:
The substance was not acutely toxic to Daphnia magna when tested according to OECD guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test), the substance was determined to possess a 24 hour LC50 of 9714 to 10000 mg/L.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates
Effect concentration:
5 012 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates
Effect concentration:
12.07 g/L

Additional information

There are no data available for the reaction mass. The available data on the constituents show that the EC50 for invertebrates for the reaction mass is >1000 mg/l, with a lowest acute value of 5012 mg/l determined for ethanol. This value will be taken forward to the risk assessment, representing a worst-case value for the reaction mass. For saltwater species a LC50 value of 12.07 g/l was derived for shrimp.

Ethanol:

In a reliable 48 hour acute toxicity study carried out to an ASTM protocol, Ceriodaphnia dubai and Daphnia magna were exposed to ethanol at sufficient concentrations to enable LC50 values of 5012mg/l and 12340mg/l respectively to be calculated based on an end point of mortality and as a geometric mean of 3 separate replicated assays.

In two publications by the same author, the results from 24 hour acute toxicity studies are reported where Daphnia magna were exposed to ethanol at concentrations up to 10,000mg/l. The EC50 was not reached at this concentration.  Note that there is a second publication by Bringman in this chapter reporting the same result.  It may be that this is the same result reported twice but since the results on other substances differ between the two publications, it is assumed that these represent the results from different assays rather than a repeat publication of earlier results, although this cannot be definitively stated.

In a reliable 24 hour acute toxicity study, the saltwater species Artemia Salina (brine shrimp) were exposed to ethanol at sufficient concentrations to enable EC50 values to be established. The study looked at shrimp nauplii of ages 24, 48 and 72 hours to assess for variation in sensitivity versus age. An EC50 of 1833mg/l was established for the 24 hour old nauplii based, however lower values of 858 and 695mg/l were established for the 48 and 72hr old nauplii respectively. (Whilst different, the two lower results were not statistically significantly different.) The results suggest that older specimens of this species are more sensitive than the younger ones.   However, in another 24 hour acute toxicity study using the same species at geometrically spaced concentrations up to 10,000mg/l under static conditions, a TLm (50% mortality) was not established at the maximum dose tested of 10000mg/l.

In a reliable 18 hour acute toxicity study which, apart from the exposure time, followed the basic principles of a guideline study, Daphnia Pulex were exposed to ethanol at aqueous concentrations in the range 1 to 2.5% (v/v). An LC50 of 1.53% was calculated based on an end point of mortality (measured as immobility). This is equivalent to an LC50 of 12100mg/l.

In a number of reliable acute toxicity studies using a commercially available test kit screening assays, the toxicity of ethanol to the following species was examined: Brachionus plicatilis (marine rotifers), Streptocephalus proboscideus (freshwater shrimp) Artemia salina (brine shrimp), Brachionus calyciflorus (freshwater rotifer), and Daphnia magna.  All tests were 24 hour.  The lowest EC50 obtained was for D. Magna at 18400mg/l.

Isopropanol:

Three studies addressing short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates are presented in the dossier. 

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.001 – daphnia -1977 – key: Acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was assessed according to OECD guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test) not according to GLP (pre-dates GLP requirements). Daphnia were exposed under static conditions to the substance for 24 hours. The 24-hour EC50 for Immobility was determined to be >10,000 mg/L.

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.002 – daphnia – 1982: Acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was assessed not according to specific guidelines but is similar to the OECD guideline 202 (Daphnia Sp. Acute Immobilisation Test). The daphnia were exposed to the substance under static conditions for 24 hours. The 24 hour EC50 was determined to be 9714 mg/L.

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.003 – shrimp – 1974: Acute toxicity to Crangon crangon (Shrimp) was assessed not according to specific guidelines but is similar to the OECD guideline 202 (Daphnia Sp. Acute Immobilisation Test). The animals were exposed to the substance under semi-static conditions in saltwater for 96 hours. The 96 hour LC50 was determined to be 1150 ppm.

In a 96 hour acute toxicity screening study for which detailed information is available, Daphnia magna were exposed to ethanol simultaneously with a number of other species in a limit test with a nominal concentration of 100mg/l.  No deaths were observed with any of the species examined (Daphnia magna, Gammarus fasciatus, Asellus intermedius, Heliosoma trivolvis, Dugesia tigrina.)