Aluminum magnesium vanadium oxide

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Data waiving:

study scientifically not necessary / other information available

Justification for data waiving:

other:

Reference 2

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: invertebrate

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No test was performed, concentration factors were derived from animals from the field

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

V measurements in organisms collected in the field.

GLP compliance:

no

Radiolabelling:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other: Octopus vulgaris

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: common octopus
- Source: sampled at three locations along the Portuguesecoast: Viana do Castelo, Cascais, and Santa-Luzia sampled over two seasons of the year, autumn (November, 1999) and spring (May, 2000)
- 60 octopuses: 10 animals (5 males and 5 females) in each season and each zone
- tissues collected for analysis were digestive glands, branchial hearts, gills, mantle and arms.
- Total length, mantle length, total weight, sex and maturation state were determined for each animal.

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Details on test conditions:

Filed conditions

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Type:

other: V measurements in field collected octopus.

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

Derivation of concentration values not possible.

Details on results:

Vanadium concentrations: approximately between 2 and 50 mg/kg dry weight
Vanadium was detected in digestive glands and branchial hearts. In gills, mantles and arms the levels were lower than the detection limit (< 0.4 mg/kg).
No significant differences between sexes in concentrations.
Vanadium in branchial hearts was markedly higher than in digestive glands.
Significant positive correlation between maturation state and the concentration of vanadium in digestive gland.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Reference 3

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: invertebrate

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No standard test. Laboratory experiment using field collected mussels injecting high dose levels of Vanadium into muscle. Data were reported as V concentration.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Vanadium uptake was measured in 7 day laboratory experiment using field collected mussels (acclimated for about a week to laboratory conditions before treatment). Contamination was done by injection in posterior adductor muscle.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Vanadium as VO2+SO42-,5HO
- no other information provided

Radiolabelling:

no

Details on sampling:

see any other information on materials and methods incl. tables

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic mollusc: Mytilus sp.

Details on test organisms:

Mussels were collected monthly from January to May 2000 from five sites along the coast of Vendée and Loire Atlantique (France): Lérat, La Govelle, Saint Gildas, La Bernerie and La Fosse. In addition, mussels were collected from Fier d'Ars, a site in the Ré Island, which had not been impacted by the oil spill. Eight individuals were collected at each date and each site. The mean wet mass of soft tissue was 1.05±0.34 g.

Route of exposure:

other: direct injection into muscle

Justification for method:

other: method did not follow accepted guidelines

Test type:

static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

7 d

Salinity:

22 pro mille

Details on test conditions:

see any other information on materials and methods incl. tables

Nominal and measured concentrations:

10, 50, 200, 1000, 2000, 4000 ng V per individual mollusc

Type:

BAF

Value:

< 1 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

other: calculated based on presented data

Metal uptake in mussels exposed to Ni and V in the laboratory

At the lowest doses tested (10, 50, 200 ng per individual), V concentrations did not increased in the soft tissues of mussels (not shown). In the second experiment (1000, 2000, 4000 ng per individual), a significant increase of V concentrations was observed between controls and the two highest doses tested. To cover a large range of V doses, the data of both of the experiments were combined. Over the whole range of V, insoluble V concentrations were always higher than soluble ones. However, at low total V concentrations (0.03 mg kg−1 ww), the soluble fraction represented 19% of V whereas at high total V concentrations (0.15 mg kg−1 ww), this percentage reached 41%.

Relationship between MT and metal concentrations: laboratory study

Mussels exposed to V, MT concentrations were significantly higher at all the doses ≥1000 ng per individual. When experimental data are compared to environmental data, both V and MT levels are highly consistent with a maximum similarity with mussels moderately contaminated in the field (collected in March and May). Total V concentrations (0.03–0.15 mg kg−1, ratio maximum/minimum: 5) and MT concentrations were positively and significantly correlated (at the 99% level).

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

No guideline followed.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study followed no guideline. 8 weeks exposure of common eels to vanadium solution. No measured concentration reported. Equilibrium was not reached.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

8 weeks exposure of common eel to vanadium solution.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

48V radiolabelled

Radiolabelling:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Filtered freshwater to which a single concentration of radiolabeled orthovanadate was added.

Test organisms (species):

Anguilla anguilla

Details on test organisms:

Elvers were obtained from J&P Coates Ltd, Scotland. Eels were held in a stock tank of running fresh water on a shaded 10-h light cycle and offered food each evening. The fish used for the experiment had a weight range of 0.56 to 3.55 g, mean 1.55±0.09 g

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Total exposure / uptake duration:

8 wk

Total depuration duration:

5 wk

Test temperature:

15 °C

pH:

7.2

Details on test conditions:

- Fish were kept at maximum density of 7 fish/L in 2 tanks each containing 5L of constantly aerated water.
- 10h light:14h dark cycle; shaded light from a 25 W tungsten bulb.
- The fish were offered food on two evenings per week. Uneaten food was removed the following morning after feeding
- The water was cleaned weekly by filtration or changed completely

Nominal and measured concentrations:

0.51 mg/L V/L (nominal)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Conc. / dose:

0.51 mg/L

Temp.:

15 °C

pH:

7.2

Type:

BCF

Value:

< 1 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks:

steady state was reached in blood and viscera only. For all determined compartments the calculated BCF values are below 1 after 8 weeks exposure.

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

result refers to V concentration

Details on results:

At the end of the 8week loading period, the levels of 48V were still increasing in the liver, kidney, bone and carcase.
After 8 and 13 weeks vanadium was concentrated in the various organs in the order liver>kidney>bone>blood>carcase

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

No guideline followed.

Conclusions:

BCF values are well below 1 for all tissues investigated in this study.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

significant methodological deficiencies

Remarks:

Insufficient information on preparation of test concentrations, semi-static exposure regime, natural water was used, fish naturally collected, no information on maintenance of exposure concentrations

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Fish were exposed to LOEC and LC15 concentrations of respective heavy metals for 30 days in a semi-static exposure regime.

GLP compliance:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other: Liza klunzingeri (mullet fish)

Details on test organisms:

L. klunzingeri, were collected from the traditional fish traps of Kuwait Bay. Fish replicates (weighing 20 ± 3 g and 9 ± 3 cm in length) were acclimated for 30 d in 250 l glass tanks in the laboratory. Sea water was disinfected and filtered through a 0.45μm filter to remove suspended particulates and microinvertebrates. The fish were fed (2% body weight) with Artemia salina (brine shrimp), nauplii (2 g d−1) and formulated fish feed (3 g d−1) without heavy metals (<0.001μg g−1). The seawater (5%)was changed every 3 days, and any dead fish were removed. Antibiotics and fungicides were used before the toxicity tests. Sea water parameters such as temperature (25 ± 2 °C), dissolved oxygen (8.1 mg l−1), salinity and pH (8.2) were maintained constant in the laboratory using multiple regulators.

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water / sediment: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

30 d

Test temperature:

25 ± 2 °C

pH:

8.2

Dissolved oxygen:

8.1

Nominal and measured concentrations:

1.5 and 1.8 µg/L

Conc. / dose:

1.5 µg/L

Type:

BAF

Value:

374 L/kg

Basis:

other: Mean BAF of Liver, Gills, Muscle

Conc. / dose:

1.8 µg/L

Type:

BAF

Value:

383 L/kg

Basis:

other: Mean BAF of Liver, Gills, Muscle

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

No guideline followed.

Conclusions:

Mean BAF values of 374 and 383 are reported.

Reference 6

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

17 Sep - 07 Dec 2001

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 305 E (Bioaccumulation: Flow-through Fish Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

The depuration phase was not carried out.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Circular on Test Methods of New Chemical Substances (Japan), Bioaccumulation test in fish

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Radiolabelling:

no

Details on sampling:

- Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms: exposure days 7, 14, 19, 22 and 28,
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples: exposure days 6, 7, 14, 19, 22 and 28,
- Details on sampling and analysis of test organisms and test media samples:
Fish samples were measured for body weight and length, chopped into fine samples on ice. The sample (0.5 g) of the fined samples were miyed with 2 mL of nitric acid. After heating at 150 °C for 2 h, the samples were cooled at room temperature for 15 h or more. The samples were diluted in 50 mL water to prepare for AA (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) sample.

1 mL water sample from high-concentration media was diluted with 10 ml test water and 10 mL water sample from low-concentration was used as sample for AA (atomic absorption spectrophotometry).

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Test material was dissolved in sodium hydrochloride and adjusted to pH 7 by hydrochloric acid, and then diluted with ion exchanged water.

Test organisms (species):

Oryzias latipes

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Medaka
- Source: Sugishima Fisheries, Yashiro-city, Japan
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): under a year old
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 7.0 - 8.8 cm
- Feeding during test
- Food type: balanced feed for carp fry by FEED ONE CO., LTD. Yokohama-city, Japan
- Amount: ca. 2% of body weight/ day
- Frequency: twice a day, but no feeding was permitted within 24 h of fish sampling

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: after the medication bath, fish was acclimated in ground water for 34 days under a flow-through condition at 25 ± 2 °C. Further, they were transferred to test tank in dechlorinated tap water with charcoal for 26 days under a flow-through condition at the same temperature after medicated bath.

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

flow-through

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Total exposure / uptake duration:

28 d

Test temperature:

High-concentration: 24.3 - 25.2 °C,
Low-concentration: 24.1 - 25.0 °C,
Control: 24.1 - 25.2 °C

pH:

7.8 - 7.9 in all tanks

Dissolved oxygen:

8.1 mg/L in all tanks

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: aquaria
- Material, fill volume: glass, 100 L
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): proportional diluter
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 576 L/d
- No. of organisms per vessel: each 28 for high and low concentration, 12 for control
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control / vehicle control (replicates): 1

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: tap water in Kurume Laboratory passed through activated charcoal filter
- Intervals of water quality measurement: every 6 months

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 14/10

RANGE-FINDING / PRELIMINARY STUDY
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: LC50 for 96 h was 8.91 mg/L in Oryzias latipes.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations: 5 and 50 μg/L
Measured concentrations: 5.06 and 47.4 μg/L

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Lipid content:

3.32 %

Time point:

start of exposure

Lipid content:

3.33 %

Time point:

end of exposure

Conc. / dose:

50 µg/L

Temp.:

>= 24.3 - <= 25.2 °C

pH:

7.9

Type:

BCF

Value:

13 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Time of plateau:

28 d

Calculation basis:

steady state

Conc. / dose:

5 µg/L

Temp.:

> 24.1 - <= 25.2 °C

pH:

7.9

Type:

BCF

Value:

<= 6 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Time of plateau:

28 d

Calculation basis:

steady state

Details on results:

No abnormality was observed

Table 1: Test item concentration in water (μg/L)

	Day 6	Day 7	Day 14	Day 19	Day 22	Day 28	Mean ± s.d.
High-concentration	47.5	48.3	49.3	45.5	48.6	45.3	47.4 ± 1.67
Low-concentration	5.48	4.97	5.44	4.73	4.63	5.08	5.06 ± 0.354

Table 2: Bioaccumulation factor, the values in ( ) mean the average

	Day 7	Day 14	Day 19	Day 22	Day 28
High-concentration	3.4 5.2  (4.3)	5.1 5.7  (5.4)	9.6 8.1 (8.8)	5.8 6.1  (6.0)	14 12  (13)
Low-concentration	<= 6.0 <= 6.0	13 <= 6.0	<= 6.0 <= 6.0	8.8 6.3  (7.5)	<= 6.0 <= 6.0

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Reference 7

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Remarks:

and invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study followed no guideline. Only 4 days exposure and only nominal exposure concentrations reported.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

4 days exposure of field collected fish and mussels.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

radiolabelled 48 Vanadium

Radiolabelling:

yes

Remarks:

48V radiolabeled solutions were used.

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method:48 Vanadium carrier-free was prepared by alpha irradiation of a scandium target in the JRC-Ispra cyclotron, Italy. It was isolated by radiochemical separations which led to 48 V-labelled pentavanadate ions (Sabbioni et al., 1989). The 48V-radioactivity in all samples was measured by automatic gamma counting (Philips PW 4800, equipped with a NaI(TI) crystal), using the characteristics line of 983 keV photon emission. Vanadium was determined by comparison with a 48V reference solution of known specific radioactivity. NH4VO3 was purchased from Johnson and Matthey, UK. The aqueous solutions contaminated with 500, 50, 5 and 0.5 ng/ml of [48V]vanadate ions were prepared by dilution of different aliquots of a 10 mM stock solution of NH4VO3 with artificial seawater or lake water (Lake Maggiore) and addition of 48V-radiotracer solution to obtain a final constant level of radioactive concentration (50 µCi 48V/L)

Test organisms (species):

other: mussel: Mytilus edulis and goldfish: Carassius auratus

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Mussel and goldfish
- Source: Collected at the North Slob, Wexford, Ireland
- Weight: 25-31 g (mussel) and 6.2 - 8.4 g (goldfish)
- Feeding during test: No

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 1 week (mussel) 2 days (goldfish)
- Acclimation conditions:
Mussels were kept in artificial seawater (Wimex, Germany) of 20‰ salinity at 15°C before use.
Goldfishs were kept in filtered (0.45 µm Millipore filter) and aerated lake water (pH 7.68; 57 mg CaCO3/L) at room temperature (22°C), no feeding

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

static

Water / sediment media type:

other: marine (mussels) and freshwater (goldfish)

Total exposure / uptake duration:

4 d

Hardness:

57 mg CaCO3/L (goldfish)

Test temperature:

15 °C (mussels)
22 °C (goldfish)

pH:

pH 7.68 (goldfish)

Salinity:

20‰

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 4 L (mussels) and 3 L (goldfish)
- No. of organisms per vessel: 4 (mussels) and 6 (goldfish)
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control / vehicle control (replicates): No control was included

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Sea water

RANGE-FINDING / PRELIMINARY STUDY : No range-finding test was performed

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 ng 48V vanadate/L (mussel)
Nominal: 50 ng/ml of [48V]vanadate (goldfish)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Remarks on result:

other: only tissue concentrations were reported.

Remarks on result:

other: only tissue concentrations were reported.

Details on results:

The elution profiles of the gill cytosol from mussel (M. edulis) and goldfish (C. auratus) show a similar pattern. In both species vanadium is eluted in the region of low molecular weight components.

Reported statistics:

no information reported

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Reference 8

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

96 days bioconcentration study of vanadium to fish over one reproduction cycle

GLP compliance:

no

Radiolabelling:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Jordanella floridae

Details on test organisms:

one-week-old flagfish larvae (no other information provided in publication)

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

flow-through

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Total exposure / uptake duration:

96 d

Hardness:

347 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

25.4°C (±0.2-0.3)

pH:

8.15 (±0.07-0.09)

Dissolved oxygen:

7.4 mg/L (±0.3-0.5)

Details on test conditions:

See "any other information on materials and methods"

Nominal and measured concentrations:

0, 0.041, 0.17, 0.48, 1.5 mg V/L

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

See "any other information on materials and methods"

Conc. / dose:

0.041 - 1.5 mg/L

Type:

BCF

Value:

2 - 27.9 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

no standard guideline study

Reference 9

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No standard test. Field collected fish were analyzed and used for the experiments. Equilibrium was not reached after 3 weeks.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BCF was estimated in fish collected from the field after exosure in a laboratory semi-static exposure regime and after feeding a single ration of radio-labelled food.

GLP compliance:

no

Radiolabelling:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

- cotton-filtered sea water with radiolabeled V

Test organisms (species):

other: Gobius minutus

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Gobius minutus
- Source: collected from the littoral zone near Monaco
- 3.6± 0.6 g wet weight (experiment 1), 8 ± 2 g wet weight (experiment 2)
- Description of housing/holding area: maintained in large aquaria supplied with flowing sea water and fed with chopped mussels (Mytilus galloprovineialis) and Artemia sp., ad libitum.

Route of exposure:

other: experiment 1: aqueous, experiment 2: feed

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

3 wk

Total depuration duration:

25 d

Test temperature:

13 ± 1°C

Salinity:

38 ± 0.5 ‰

Details on test conditions:

Experiment 1: Ten gobies were placed individually into plastic basins containing 1 liter of cotton-filtered sea water for three weeks. Six individuals were periodically removed from the labelled sea water and whole-body counted in a well-type NaI crystal. The other four gobies were counted and dissected at various times during the experiment. The medium was renewed with every two days. During medium renewal, the gobies were fed unlabelled brine shrimp or chopped mussel. All measurements were corrected for differences in counting geometry and physical decay of the isotope.

Experiment 2: The six remaining fish from experiment 1 were thoroughly rinsed in clean sea water for several minutes, radioanalyzed, and transferred to individual aquaria supplied with flowing sea water for depuration. Tthe fish were whole-body counted for 48V content and fed ad libitum. Results are expressed as percent of the 48V initially incorporated by whole fish which was retained; the loss curve was graphically analyzed to determine the different components of elimination.

Experiment 3: For vanadium assimilation from food estimation, six individuals (mean wet weight 8 + 2 g) were fed a single ration of radio-labelled brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) which were maintained in a mixed algal culture containing ~ 6 MBq/1 for 3 d. The brine shrimp were rinsed for several minutes in clean sea water, and evenly distributed into the individual aquaria, each containing one goby. After ingestion, the fish were radio-analyzed for 48V and replaced in individual 1-liter aquaria fed with flowing sea water. Fish were fed unlabelled Artemia sp. and periodically radioanalyzed during the next 10 d. Fish feces were also collected and radioanalyzed for 4sV in order to estimate the relative importance of feces in the total excretion of 48V. The retention data were plotted on semilogarithmic paper and a vanadium assimilation coefficient was estimated by mathematically resolving the different loss components of the excretion curves.

Experiment 4: Eight fish (average of 3 ± 2 g ww) from the littoral zone near Monaco, dissected, and the pooled tissues freeze-dried. Acid digestion of two different aliquots (~ 0.3 g) of each sample was performed by nitroperchloric acid mixture (3:1 by vol, reagent grade). After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in 0.3 N nitric acid and analyzed by Zeeman flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Determinations of the vanadium content of National Bureau of Standards orchard leaves (SRM 1571) gave a value of 0.58 +0.05 µg/g; although this sample was not certified for vanadium, the measured value complies with the probable value (0.6 µg/g).

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentration (experiment 1): 1.7 µg/L (measured in coastal waters from this vicinity in former studies), sea water had been spiked with 48V at a concentration of 10.4 kBq/L.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Results are expressed as concentration factors (CF), defined here as the ratio of the 48V concentration in the tissues (counts/min/g wet weight) to that in the labelled sea water (counts/min/ml).

Type:

BCF

Value:

1 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 1

Remarks:

Equilibrium was not reached after exposure period of 3 weeks

Type:

BCF

Value:

421 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 4 (field monitoring)

Remarks:

using average of 1.7 µg/L V in sea water

Experiment 1: The accumulation of vanadium directly from the sea water is a continuous slow process. Highest concentration factors for tissues in direct contact with sea water: gills > skin > digestive tract. Low concentration of vanadium in internal tissues.

Experiment 2: The elimination of vanadium is a relatively rapid process. Approximately 40% of the 48V was lost very rapidly, with a biological half-life (t 1/2) of 0.4 d; the remaining, tightly bound fraction, was eliminated more slowly, with a t1/2 of 19 d.

Experiment 3: Vanadium assimilation from food estimation after single exposure via diet is very low. The fraction assimilated into the tissue is rapidly turned over, with a t1/2 of about 3 d.

Experiment 4: Muscle and liver of collected fish contained less vanadium than the skin, digestive tract or gills. Concentration in organism was 2.6 ± 0.4 mg V/kg dw (0.7 mg V/kg ww)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Reference 10

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: invertebrate

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No standard test, no guideline was followed, test organisms were collected from the field.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

3 weeks bioconcentration study with marine mussels

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Gamma-emmiting radioisotope 48V (Vanadyl chloride)

Radiolabelling:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method:
Because of the high specific activity of the radioisotope solution (>200 mCi mg-lV), spiking the experimental aquaria resulted in little stable vanadium (~ 8 ng L -1) being added to the medium.
Assimilation of vanadium from food was determined via counting the soft X-ray emitter 49-V (as vanadyl chloride, specific activity = 44 mCi mg-1 V; half-life = 330 d) by liquid scintillation spectrometry.

Test organisms (species):

other: Mytilus galloprovincialis

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Mussels
- Source: Collected at the port of Monaco
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): size, i.e. 5 to 6 g (Experiment 1, 2 and 3).
- Feeding during test : Mussels were transferred to clean sea water where they were allowed to feed
- Food type: Suspension of mixed phytoplankton cells
- Frequency: Every 2 days for approximately 1 h.

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 1 wk
- Acclimation conditions: Cleaned of epifauna and epiflora and held in running sea water until needed; three groups of 7 similar-sized mussels were acclimated to either 13 °C ± 1 °C; 18 °C ± 1 °C or 24 °C ± 1 °C

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

3 wk

Test temperature:

13 °C ± 1 °C (experiment 1.1)
18 °C ± 1 °C (experiment 1.2)
24 °C ± 1 °C (experiment 1.3)

Salinity:

19 ‰ (experiment 2.1)
28 ‰ (experiment 2.2)
38 ‰ (experiment 2.3)

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
Test vessel:
- Type: open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: aquaria containing 2 L test solution
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): Every 2 days
- No. of organisms per vessel: Depending on experiment (see dateils in section "Any other information on materials and methods incl tables")

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Cotton-filtered sea water

Bioaccumulation measurements:
Mussels were removed, rinsed in clean sea water and whole-body counted live for 48V content. Following this procedure, the mussels were replaced in the radioactive sea water for further uptake. Sea water was radioanalyzed along with the mussels in order to calculate concentration factors (CF), which are defined as cpm 48 V g-1 wet mussel divided by cpm ml-1 sea water. The mean 48V concentration in the sea water between any two water changes was used for the computation.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.28 µCi 48 V /L (experiment Experiment 1 and Experiment 2)
and 25, 50 and 100 µg V/L ; the fourth treatment, with no addition of stable vanadium, was assumed to contain 2 µg V/L (experiment 3).

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Type:

BCF

Value:

26 other: cpm 48V/g

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 2: 38 promille salinity

Type:

BCF

Value:

34 other: cpm 48V/g

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 2: 28 promille salinity

Type:

BCF

Value:

48 other: cpm 48V/g

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

Experiment 2: 19 promille salinity

Type:

BAF

Value:

7.6 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 3 Conc 2ppm

Type:

BAF

Value:

7.3 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 3 Conc 25 ppm

Type:

BAF

Value:

5.8 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 3 Conc 50 ppm

Type:

BAF

Value:

4.2 dimensionless

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 3 Conc 100 ppm

Bioaccumulation

Temperatur (Experiment 1)

Vanadium accumulation at all three temperatures is slow and appears to be independent of temperature between 13 °C and 24 °C. Following 2 wk exposure there was no indication that 48V uptake was approaching isotopic equilibrium with the radiotracer in sea water.

Salinity (Experiment 2)

The uptake rate in whole mussels was notably influenced by salinity, with a greater degree of accumulation taking place at the lower salinities. Differences between concentration factors after 20 d were tested by a Student's t-test and found to be significant at P <0.05. Furthermore, tissue dissections showed that shell and byssus were strongly affected by salinity whereas uptake into the soft parts was essentially unchanged.

Stable Vanadium concentration (Experiment 3)

Likewise, there was a tendency towards decreased vanadium uptake by mussels in sea water containing elevated vanadium concentrations; however, individual variation was high and the differences in uptake observed after 3 wk were statistically significant only between the highest and lowest concentrations (P <0.05).

Vanadium concentration factors of mussels ranged between roughly 25 and 45 after 3 wk in contaminated sea water. Filtration measurements on aliquots of labelled sea water showed that throughout all the uptake studies no more than 1 to 2% of the 48V was retained on either 0.22 or 0.45 µm membrane filters, indicating that the majority of the radiotracer taken up directly from sea water by the mussels was probably in soluble or colloidal form.Byssus rapidly accumulated 48V from water, reaching concentration factors of more than 103 after only a 5 d exposure.

Elimination

The loss of 48V from contaminated mussels was measured under different environmental conditions. Contrary to results from the bioaccumulation experiments, temperature significantly affected 48V flux from mussels.

Assimilation

The percentage of ingested vanadium which was assimilated into tissue was low, of the order of 7%. Furthermore, the tissue incorporated fraction was rapidly lost from the soft parts, with a half-time of about 11 d.

Stable Vanadium Analyses

The highest concentration was found in the byssus. The shell contained an order of magnitude more vanadium than whole soft parts. Among the soft tissues the visceral mass displayed the highest concentration and muscle the

lowest. Roughly 97% of the entire vanadium content resided in the shell. This value was in good agreement with that derived from our radiotracer experiments.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Reference 11

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: invertebrate

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No standard test, no guideline was followed, test organisms were collected from the field, BCF values derived from estimated V concentration in the exposure medium.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BCF was estimated in crab and shrimp species originating from the field after exosure in laboratory semi-static exposure regime with natural seawatera nd after feeding a single ration of radio-labelled food.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Gamma-emmiting radioisotope 48V (Vanadyl chloride)

Radiolabelling:

yes

Details on sampling:

gamma-emitting radioisotope 48V(as vanadyl chloride, halflife = 16 days) measured by whole-body gamma counting techniques: Following neutralization and addition of 48V solution to sea water, 48V was assumed to be present principally in the +5 oxidation state.
Corrections were made for physical decay of 48V and for the different geometries employed.
Stable vanadium was not measured in the test medium (sea water), a concentration of 2 µg/L as vanadate was assumed, a value previously measured in a nearshore northwestern Mediterranean sea water.

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Only a small amount (approx. 8 ng/L) of stable vanadium was added to the test medium.

Test organisms (species):

other: Lysmata seticaudata and Carcinus maenas

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM L. seticaudata
- Common name: shrimp
- Source: caught in baited traps just outside the port of Monaco (L. seticaudata)
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 1.0 ± 0.3 g wet wt
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: ad libitum on mussel flesh

TEST ORGANISM C. maenas
- Common name: crab
- Source: local fish market (C. maenas)
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 16 ± 5 g wet (C. maenas)

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 1 week (Temperature test, experiment 1)
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): running sea-water aquaria

Route of exposure:

other: experiment 1: aqueous, experiment 3: feed

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

3 wk

Test temperature:

13°C (experiment 1)

Salinity:

38‰

Details on test conditions:

Experiment 1 (accumulation) with L. seticaudata
- Acclimation: individually at 13, 18 and 24°C in perforated plastic tubes
- Transfer to large plastic basins containing radio-labelled sea water at 13, 18 and 24°C
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 8
- Renewal rate of test solution: every other day
- Periodical removal from the aquaria, rinsing for several minutes in clean sea water and 48V content measurement.
- Examination for moults: twice daily
- Immediate measurment of 48V after moulting was detected
- A further group of 10 shrimps was exposed to to radiolabelled seawater and was periodically two individuals were dissected during the uptake period.

Experiment 1 (accumulation) with C. maenas:
- Test vessel: jar
Acclimation: individually at 13, 18 and 24°C in perforated plastic tubes
- Transfer to large plastic basins containing radio-labelled sea water at 13, 18 and 24°C
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 6
- Renewal rate of test solution: every other day
- Periodical removal from the aquaria, rinsing for several minutes in clean sea water and 48V content measurement.
- Examination for moults: twice daily
- Immediate measurment of 48V after moulting was detected
- A further group of 8 shrimps was exposed to to radiolabelled seawater and was periodically two individuals were dissected during the uptake period.

Experiment 2 (elimination):
After experiment 1: transfer to non-radioactive sea water
Test conditions: same as in experiment 1
- Renewal rate of test solution: twice daily

Experiment 3 (assimilation) with L. seticaudata
Preparation: mixed phytoplankton cells were cultured in media containing 20 µCi/L. Brine shrimp Artemia salina were able to graze the algae to graze this phytoplancton for several days. A. salina was then rinsed, radio-analyzed and fed as a single ration to L. seticauduta. After ingestion, the shrimps were counted and replaced in individual aquaria of running sea water receiving unlabelled food of nonradioactive Artemia or non-radioactive mussels. During the next several days the shrimpswere monitored regularly for radioactivity. Some individuals were dissected during loss to determine the tissue distribution of ingested 48V.

Experiment 4 (assimilation) with C. maenas
C. maenas received a mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) containing approx. 0.1 µCi 48V (injected into the visceral mass) and were radioanalized immediately, replaced in the aquaria and regularly monitored for radioactivity each day. During the excretion phase at 13°C the crabs received regular rations of non-contaminated mussels. Rations of fresh mussels were supplied throughout the excretion phase. Some individuals were dissected periodically to determine the tissue distribution with time during loss. In an experiment identically designed, crab faeces from four individuals were also collected and counted in order to estimate the relative importance of faeces in the total excretion process.

Experiment 5 (stable vanadium analyses):
20 crabs (10 females and 10 males) weighing 25 ± 4 (SD) g wet and 20 shrimp averaging 1.1 ± 0.4 (SD) g wet were dissected and the pooled tissues dried to constant weight at 100°C. Dried tissues were then ground and aliquots of the tissues and IAEA intercalibration samples were digested and analysed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The vanadium values agreed well with average concentrations in the IAEA standard reference materials reported by 10 laboratories participating in the IAEA trace element intercalibration exercise.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations: A concentration of 2 µg/L as vanadate was assumed, a value previously measured in a nearshore northwestern Mediterranean sea water.
Measured concentrations: The 48V concentration in the sea water decreased very little (<4%) between each change of the radioactive medium, hence, the external concentration of the radioisotope was considered to be essentially constant throughout the entire uptake phase. In some cases the fraction of particulate 48V in sea water was measured by filtering aliquots through double layer membrane filters of various pore sizes. 1 to 2% of the 48Vwas retained on either 0.22- or 0.45 µm pore size filters; thus, most of the radiotracer was accumulated by crustaceans in a soluble or colloidal form.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Experiment 1 (accumulation): The amount of stable vanadium in organisms was calculated from the known specific activity of the sea water. The results of many of the bioaccumulation experiments were expressed as concentration factors (CF) which are defined here as cpm 48V/ g wet animal divided by cpm 48V/g sea water. For this purpose sea water was radioanalysed by counting 10 ml of each media together with standards of appropriate geometry at the same time as the animals were monitored.
Data on loss from the whole body were plotted on semi-logarithmic paper and assimilation coefficients for vanadium were estimated by mathematically resolving the loss components of the radio-isotope retention curve.
Experiment 2: body loss allowing for physical decay expressed as the percentage of the initial 48V content in whole organisms at the beginning of the depuration experiment.

Type:

BCF

Value:

11 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 1 (accumulation): L. seticaudata

Remarks:

assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Type:

BCF

Value:

12 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 1 (accumulation): Carcinus maenas

Remarks:

assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Type:

BAF

Value:

410 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 5: L. seticaudata,

Remarks:

assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Type:

BAF

Value:

450 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 5: Carcinus maenas

Remarks:

assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Details on results:

Experiment 1 (accumulation): 48V body concentrations are influenced by moulting. Fractional 48V losses due to moulting ranged from 54 to 82% in shrimps. Here, 58% of the total accumulated 48V was associated with the exoskeleton. The majority of the radionuclide was associated with the exoskeleton (crabs: 90%; shrimps: 58%).
Uptake by non-moulting individuals proceeded at rates independent of temperature over a range from 13 to 24 °C. Uptake was enhanced at low salinity as indicated by the approximate doubling of concentration factors in non-moulting individuals at 18 days.

Experiment 2 (elimination):
The amount of vanadium absorbed from water by shrimps was not proportional to the stable vanadium concentration in sea water. Most of the shrimps moulted and consequently lost 40 to 70% of their residual 48V body burden. Temperature had a strong influence on the loss of vanadium from non-moulting shrimps. Increase in temperature from 13 to 24°C increased the whole body 48V loss rate by a factor of 2.5. None of the crabs moulted during the 2-month loss study: whole body loss was much slower.

Experiment 3 (assimilation):
Assimilation coefficients: 25% retention in Lysmata and 38% in Carcinus, a large proportion of total 48V loss (60-80%) during the first few days could be attributed to that excreted with the faeces. Large fraction of assimiIated vanadium was incorporated in the hepatopancreas of the two species (approx. 80%) and the relative distribution of 48V varied little among the tissues during the 1-month experiment.

Experiment 5 (stable vanadium distribution):
Highest V accumulations in the exoskeleton (90% in crab, 43.5% in shrimp)
High concentrations in the hepatopancreas and digestive tract, especially in shrimp
Concentrations in shrimp: 2.9 mg V/kg dw, crab: 3 mg V/kg dw

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Reference 12

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: invertebrate

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No standard test. Field collected animals were analyzed and used for the experiments. Equilibrium was not reached after 3 weeks.

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BCF was estimated from different species of echinoderms collected from the field after exosure in inter alia laboratory semi-static exposure regime with natural seawater.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Gamma-emmiting radioisotope 48V (Vanadyl chloride)

Radiolabelling:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

A concentration of 2/µg/L as vanadate was assumed, a level previously measured in coastal waters from the vicinity. Water was spiked with 48V at a concentration of 10.4 kBq (0.28 /µCi)/L. Only a small amount (approx. 8 ng/L) of stable vanadium was added to the test medium.

Test organisms (species):

other: Marthasterias glacialis L.(asteroid), Paracentrotus lividus Lmk. (echinoid) and Holothuria forskali D.Ch. (holothurian)

Details on test organisms:

- Common names: asteroid, echinoid and holothurian
- Source: collected from the littoral zone near Monaco
- Description of housing/holding area: maintained in large, running sea water aquaria
- Feeding: appropriate foods (mussels, algae and organic detritus)

Route of exposure:

other: experiment 1: aqueous, experiment 3: feed

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

3 wk

Test temperature:

13 ± 1°C

Details on test conditions:

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: natural sea water

Experiment 1 (bioaccumulation):
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: plastic basins
- Fill volume: 1 L
- Renewal rate of test solution: every two days
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 14

Experiment 2 (elimination):
After the accumulation experiment 1, 4 individuals of each species were thoroughly rinsed in clean sea water for several minutes, radioanalyzed and transferred to test vessels.
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: large, running sea water aquaria
- Feeding: ad libitum
- Echinoderms were whole-body counted for 48V content
At the end of the experiment, all individuals were dissected to measure the distribution of residual 48V in different tissues. Results are expressed as percent retained of the 48V incorporated at test start in whole organisms.

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: natural sea water

Experiment 3 (assimilation of food in sea urchin):
Preparation: Brown algae ((Dictyota dichotoma) were preexposed to 48V in a small volume of contaminated sea water (104 kBq/m1) reaching concentration factors of roughly 100 after 3 days. The sea urchins were able to graze the algae
overnight. At the next day, the sea urchins were radioanalyzed, transposed in running sea water aquaria, and regularly analyzed for several days to for whole-body 48V excretion analysis. After the excretion period, the sea urchins were dissected to localize the residual 48V activity.
- Test vessel: beakers
- Fill volume: 750 mL
- Renewal rate of test solution: running sea water
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 14

Experiment 4 (assimilation of food in seastars):
7 seastars (of approx. 90 g) received a live mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) containing 3.7 kBq 48V (injected into the visceral mass) and were radioanalized immediately, replaced in the aquaria and regularly monitored for radioactivity for 40 days. Rations of fresh mussels were supplied throughout the excretion phase. At test termination the seastars were dissected.

Experiment 5 (Field study, stable Vanadium Analyses):
Pooled tissues from 25 seastars (100+30 g wet weight), 25 sea urchins (65+10 g wet wt) and 10 holothurians (240+30 g wet wt) as well as 5 whole individuals from each species were analyzed for stable vanadium.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Water was spiked with 48V at a concentration of 10.4 kBq (0.28 µCi)/L.
Measurements of both new and old sea water indicated that 48V levels never decreased more than 4% during any two media changes. Filtration showed that no more than 1 to 2% of the 48V was present in the particulate phase.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Results are expressed as concentration factors (CF): ratio of the 48V concentration in tissues (counts/min g-1 wet weight) to that in the experimental sea water (counts/min ml-1). Computed whole-body concentration factors were based on known weights of the individual tissues.

Type:

BAF

Value:

600 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 5 (Field study, stable Vanadium Analyses): Paracentrotus lividus

Remarks:

assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Type:

BAF

Value:

150 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 5 (Field study, stable Vanadium Analyses): Marthasterias glacialis

Type:

BAF

Value:

215 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 5 (Field study, stable Vanadium Analyses): Holothuria forskali

Type:

BCF

Value:

19 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks:

Not for all organs studied equilibrium was reached after 3 weeks of exposure

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 1 (Marthasterias glacialis); assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Type:

BCF

Value:

7.5 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks:

Not for all organs studied equilibrium was reached after 3 weeks of exposure

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 1 (Paracentrotus lividus); assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Type:

BCF

Value:

5.3 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks:

Not for all organs studied equilibrium was reached after 3 weeks of exposure

Remarks on result:

other: Experiment 1 (Holothuria forskali); assumed concentration of 2 µg/L in the environment

Experiment 1 (bioaccumulation): Marthasterias glacialis accumulated 2 to 3 times more. The digestive tracts displayed the highest degree of 48V uptake. Vanadium uptake appears to be a relatively slow process in all three species since equilibrium was not reached in any of the tissues after 3 week exposure.

Experiment 2 (elimination):

Loss of the radioisotope appeared to take place from more than one compartment. Turnover in the short-lived compartment of the two species was very rapid; biological half-times (T1/2) for 48V loss: < 1 d (seastars) and approx. 3 d (sea urchins). The long-lived compartment in both cases contained about 50% of the initial 48V uptake; the turnover rates associated with this compartment were substantially different. Sea urchins 48V loss: two and one-half times faster than seastars; 48V retention: 22% after nearly 2 mo of depuration (sea urchins), 30% after 3 mo (seastars). Three loss components were identified in the holothurian, two short-lived (T1/2: 2.5 and 3 d) and one long-lived (T1/2=51 d). The short-lived compartments contained a much larger fraction of the incorporated 48V than was the case with either seastars or sea urchins, thus, only 7% of the 48V was retained after a 2 mo depuration period.

48V distribution in tissues after long depuration was different from that noted in the echinoderms immediately following uptake. ost of the residual 48V was retained in the body wall or test, with a lesser fraction associated primarily with the digestive tract. In seastars, elimination was more rapid from the pyloric caeca than the body wall.

Experiment 3 (assimilation of food):
Seastars excretion kinetics: V48 loss decreased substantially and the assimilated fraction ( ~ 88%) turned over slowly, with a biological half-time of 57 d. Tissue dissections indicated that approximately 99% of the ingested 48V was absorbed by the pyloric caeca.

Sea urchin excretion kinetics: V48 loss was very rapid and graphical analysis indicated that the element was not effectively assimilated from food. At 8 d post-ingestion, all of the remaining radiotracer was still associated with the digestive tract, principally in the form of unvoided excreta (dissection data).

Experiment 5 (Stable Vanadium Analyses):

Experiment 5 (Field study, stable Vanadium Analyses): highest wholebody environmental concentration factors: sea urchins > holothurian > asteroid

Sea water filtration through 0.22 and 0.45 µm membrane filters: no more than 1 to 2% of the 48V was present in the particulate phase suggesting that the majority of the radiotracer absorbed from sea water by the echinoderms was either in soluble or colloidal form.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Reference 13

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Remarks:

Food chain

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

significant methodological deficiencies

Remarks:

No standard test, no guideline was followed, test organisms were collected from the field

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

7 days bioaccumulation study with mussels exposed to contaminated food and vanadium spiked seawater.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) was used as Vanadium

Radiolabelling:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: 0.5 mg V/L was applied in seawater
- Controls: The control cultures were prepared and kept separately under the same conditions.

Test organisms (species):

other: Dunaliella marina, Mytilus edulis, Mus musculus

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Phytoplankton, Mollusc and Mammal
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: Mussels were fed regulary with phytoplankton (4 L culture solution per tank containing 120 mussels). Four mice were fed on contaminated mussels.

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: mussels 1 wk

Route of exposure:

feed

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

7 d

Test temperature:

18 °C

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 5-L glass containers with 4 L sterilized sea water (phytoplankton); Plastic tanks each containing aeration system (Mussels)
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): daily (Mussels)
- No. of organisms per vessel: 120 mussels

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.5 mg/L Vanadium

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Type:

BAF

Value:

< 1 L/kg

Remarks on result:

other: calculated based on presented data

Remarks:

Mytilus edulis

Type:

BAF

Value:

67 L/kg

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

Dunaliella

Results:

The concentration of vanadium in organisms of the mollusc food chain (in µg/g dry weight).

Medium (0.5 mg V/L)	Control (without V added)	Contaminated organisms
Phytoplankton after 7 days	4.95	185.00
Mussels after 7 days	0.67	6.17
Mice alter 35 days*	L 0.60	L 1.56
	K 0.62	K 1.00
	M 0.36	M 0.50
	S 0.25	S 0.50
	B I 0.76	B t 0.46

*L, Liver; K, Kidney; M, Muscle; S, Skin; BI, Brain.

Summary

Based on the results of these experiments should be extended using a large number of species since certain organisms take up the pollutant in significant amounts and others do not. The exposure period should be long enough to obtain satisfactory results on the transfer and accumulation of the pollutant among the steps of the food chain under study.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Reference 14

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: invertebrate

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

significant methodological deficiencies

Remarks:

No standard test, no guideline was followed, test oragnisms were collected from the field

Justification for type of information:

Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide is poorly soluble. A minor fraction may dissolve into the aqueous phase releasing individual metal components. Results as reported in this study are for Vanadium, representing one of the components of Aluminium Magnesium Vanadium oxide.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

30 days bioaccumulation study with crabs exposed to contaminated food and / or spiked seawater

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

NaVO3

Radiolabelling:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Nereis diversicolor were exposed to vanadium solution which was added to the sea water. N. diversicolor was feed to Carcinus maenas (see details in section "Any other information on material and methods incl tables").
- Controls: A control tank was prepared separately and maintained under identical conditions.

Test organisms (species):

other: Carcinus maenas

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Crab (test organism)
- Source: Carcinus maenas purchased from a fish market in Nice, France, in February 1978
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 18 + 3.8 g wet wt
- Feeding during test : Nereis diversicolor (see section "Any other information on material and methds inlc tables")

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 2 wk (C.maenas) and 1 wk (N. diversicolor)

Route of exposure:

other: Feed and medium

Test type:

semi-static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Total exposure / uptake duration:

30 d

Test temperature:

14 °C

Salinity:

37.8 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Plastic tanks (Nereis diversicolor) , 5 L natural sea water
- Aeration: Continuous
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): Daily
- No. of organisms per vessel: 3 individuals per tank
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 6 plastic tanks
- Control: Yes (one tank), fed on vanadium-free food, was maintained in vanadium-free sea water as control.

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Natural sea water

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.5 mg V/L

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Type:

BCF

Value:

17.6 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

other: exposed to medium

Type:

BAF

Value:

23.3 L/kg

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Calculation basis:

other: exposed to medium and food

Details on results:

The accumulation of vanadium in crabs occurred in two general phases:
In the early stages of contamination, the accumulation of vanadium was greatest in crabs exposed only to contaminated medium, less in those exposed to contaminated food plus contaminated medium and insignificant in those exposed to contaminated food alone.
In the later stages of contamination, crabs exposed to contaminated food plus contaminated medium exhibited the highest accumulation of vanadium.

Results:

Carcinus maenas.

Vanadium concentration (µg/g dry wt) in whole crabs contaminated by food (Nereis diversicolor) for periods of 15 and 30 d

2.34 µg/g dry weight after 15 days

2.56 µg/g dry weight after 30 days

Vanadium concentration (µg/g dry wt) in whole crabs contaminated by environmental medium (0.5 ppm NaVQ per litre natural sea water)

10.13 µg/g dry weight after 15 days

11.22 µg/g dry weight after 30 days

Vanadium concentration (µg/g dry weight) in whole crabs contaminated by both food and environmental medium

6.57 µg/g dry weight

14.00 µg/g dry weight

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Description of key information

Bioaccumulation is of no concern for the assessed substance.

Additional information

No data are available for bioaccumulation of aluminium magnesium vanadium oxide (CAS 170621-28-0).  However, using the transformation/dissolution test for this substance information is provided on the release of bioavailable species of vanadium, aluminium and magnesium in the aquatic and terrestrial environment under different environmental conditions. With regard to this information, it is possible to address bioaccumulation of the substance by using a read-across towards the individual metals. Available experimental and field data on vanadium, aluminium and magnesium were used for a weight of evidence. As an essential metal, magnesium homeostasis regulates its uptake and organisms will keep their intracellular levels relatively constant across aquatic and terrestrial species. In consequence, secondary poising of magnesium is not considered relevant. Metals that are biologically essential are actively regulated in organisms (homeostasis). Non- essential metals are also actively regulated to some extent and therefore also for non-essential metals, an inverse relationship between the metal concentration and the external concentration may be observed (McGeer et al., 2003). This may explain the observed inverse relationship between BCF/BAF values and exposure concentrations of vanadium and aluminium, although the essential status of vanadium is still under discussion The available data on vanadium and aluminium suggest that both vanadium and aluminium do not biomagnify. A trophic transfer of vanadium and aluminium into aquatic/terrestrial environments is generally not a concern because bioaccumulation of vanadium and aluminium is low, whereas BCF/BAF values of vanadium is, in general less than 100 and availability of aluminium is limited by its transformation and precipitation under environmental conditions.