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Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Polyol PX was found to be non-mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation assay.


Polyol PX was found to be clastogenic in Chinese hamster ovary cells, at concentrations that were toxic to the cells.

Link to relevant study records
Reference
Endpoint:
in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
Remarks:
Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2 September 2009 to 6 November 2009
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: GLP and Guideline compliant study.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.10 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
Target gene:
Not applicable (clastogenicity study)
Species / strain / cell type:
Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- Type and identity of media: Basic medium (Ham's F-10 medium containing HEPES buffer and supplemented with minocycline) for each treatment condition at approximately 5x10^5 cells/25 cm2 flask.
- Properly maintained: yes
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: no
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not applicable
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
S9 (Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver), mixed with 25 mM glucose-6-phosphate, 4mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and disodium salt
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
The following test concentrations were : 156, 313, 625, 1250 in ug/mL active ingredient.
There were also positive, negative and untreated controls (consisting of cells in complete medium or S-9 reaction mixture) used.
Polyol PX did not change the colour of the culture medium, therefore, no pH measurements were made.
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: no data
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
untreated cells
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Remarks:
cyclophosphamide with activation
Positive control substance:
cyclophosphamide
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
untreated cells
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Remarks:
methylmethanesulfonate without activation
Positive control substance:
methylmethanesulfonate
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
In the definitive assay CHO cells were seeded at 5 x 10000 cells per 25 cm2 flask about 20 hours before exposure. Flasks were re-fed with medium, S9 where appropriate and the cells were exposed to various test substance concentrations for 6 hours, without metabolic activation or with S9 activation. For the non-activated system, two hours prior to scheduled harvest the cells were treated with Colcemid. For the activated system, after six hours exposure the treatment medium was removed, cells washed twice with serum free medium, then full growth medium was added for the recovery period, two hours prior to scheduled harvest the cells were treated with Colcemid. Cells were harvested by trypsinisation approximately 12 hours after initiation of treatment. Cells were collected by centrifugation and treated with hypotonic solution (1% trisodium citrate) for 15 min at room temperature. The cells were then fixed (after sedimentation as before) using 4 mL of freshly prepared fixative (methanol:glacial acetic acid, 3:1). Two further changes (after sedimentation as before) of fixative were made. Slides were prepared, the cells were stained with Giemsa and permanently mounted.

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium - treatment was carried out by refeeding the flasks with basic medium or S-9
reaction mixture and into this the dosing solution was added.
DURATION- Preincubation period: of the CHO cells was 20 hours
- Exposure duration: 6 hours for the non-activated study and 6 hours for the activated S9 study
Non-activated study: 2 hours prior to the scheduled cell harvest, Colcemid was added to the treatment flasks at a final
concentration of 0.1 ug/mL and the cells were returned to the incubator until cell collection.
Activated S-9 study: After exposure, the treatment medium was removed, the cells were washed in serum free medium, refed with
full growth medium for the recovery period. 2 hours prior to the scheduled cell harvest, colcemid was added to each treatment flask at a
final concentration of 0.1 ug/mL and the flasks were incubated for 2 more hours.
- Harvesting of cells: occurred 12 hours after treatment initiation
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: minimum of 100 metaphase spreads were examined and scored (50 per duplicate
flask)
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index
Evaluation criteria:
The test material was considered to give a negative result if the responses were within the 95% confidence limit of the historical negative control data. The response at a single dose was classified as significant if the percent of aberrant cells is consistently greater than the 99% confidence limits for the historical negative control data or greater than double the frequency of an elevated vehicle or untreated control culture if appropriate.
The test material was considered to give a positive result if the response in at least one acceptable dose level was significant by the criterion described above.
Statistics:
None reported.
Species / strain:
Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
positive
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
: toxicity at 313-5000 µg/mL with metabolic activation; cytotoxicity at 625-5000 µg/mL without metabolic activation.
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
In the absence of S9 mix, a positive response was noted in the lesions per cell parameter in both cultures treated with 625 μg/mL. In one of the cultures treated with this concentration, a positive response was also noted in the aberrant cells excluding gaps parameter, with a suspicious response in the aberrant cells including gaps parameter. The duplicate culture had levels of aberrations within the 95% confidence limits of the historical negative control data in these two parameters. All the concentrations where the clastogenic responses were observed were deemed toxic to the cells. Due to the positive responses noted in Test 1, it was not deemed necessary to conduct the second test.
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested

Concentration

Aberrant cells excluding gaps (%)

Test 1

+S9

-S9

6h / 24h

6h / 24h

-control

0,0

0,0

156 µg/mL

0,0

0,0

625 µg/mL

3,1

0,0

1250 µg/mL

16,13

2,5

+control

13

7

+control

21

11

Conclusions:
Interpretation of results:
positive with metabolic activation
positive without metabolic activation

Evidence of clastogenicity was seen under the conditions of this assay.
Executive summary:

Polyol PX was submitted for testing and evaluation of clastogenic potential. A chromosomal aberration assay was performed with duplicate, Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultures. Ham’s F-10 medium was the vehicle and cyclophosphamide and methyl methanesulphonate were the positive controls used. The test was conducted in the presence and absence of a post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction obtained from the livers of adult, male rats treated with Aroclor 1254 (S9) and a NADPH-generating system. Cultures, established approximately 20 h before testing, were treated for 6 h in the presence and absence of S9 mix. Cultures were harvested at 24 h post treatment. Polyol PX was toxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro in both the presence and absence of S9 mix (Appendices 1 and 2). It was tested to the maximum permitted concentration of 5000 μg/mL. Toxicity was noted at 313-5000 μg/mL in the presence of S9 mix and at 625-5000 μg/mL in the absence of S9 mix. The concentrations assessed for aberrations were 156, 625 and 1250 μg/mL (presence of S9 mix) and 156, 313 and 625 μg/mL (absence of S9 mix). There was evidence that Polyol PX induced structural chromosomal aberrations in both the presence and absence of S9 mix. It was concluded that Polyol PX was clastogenic when tested with Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro, in the presence and absence of S9 mix, at concentrations deemed toxic to the cells.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
adverse effect observed (positive)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

A negative response is reported in vivo for Polyol PX, in a modern mouse micronucleus assay.

Link to relevant study records
Reference
Endpoint:
in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
Remarks:
Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
04 Nov 2009 to 04 Jun 2010
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Modern guideline and GLP-compliant study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.12 (Mutagenicity - In Vivo Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EPA OPP 84-2
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The experimental procedures described in this study comply with OECD Guideline No. 474 adopted 21 July 1997), ICH Guidelines, EC Guideline B.12, US EPA Pesticide Assessment Guidelines Subdivision F Series 84-2, and Japanese MHLW Guidelines on Genotoxicity Testing (Notification No. 1604 of the Pharmaceutical Affair Bureau of MHW, November 1st, 1999). The described test also follows recommendations published by the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program and the Japanese Collaborative Study Group for Micronucleus Testing (Mavournin et al 1990; CSGMT/JEMS.MMS, 1990).
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
micronucleus assay
Species:
mouse
Strain:
CD-1
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
Male and female CD-1 mice were supplied by Charles River UK, (Kent, England). All mice were housed in suspended polycarbonate cages (36.5 x 20.7 x 14.0 cm) with stainless steel tops. Sterilised white wood shavings and nestlets provided the bedding in the cages. Cages were changed on a weekly basis. The room was designed to provide at least 15 air changes per hour and had automatic control of temperature, humidity and lighting, with
a 12 h light/dark cycle. Benches were washed and floors were swept and disinfected with a mop impregnated with 0.5% Tego 2000 (Th. Goldschmidt & Company Limited, Middlesex, England), an ampholytic detergent, at least once each day during the experiments. Walls were washed with 0.5% Tego 2000 and water bottles changed on a weekly basis during the animal housing period. The mice were individually identified soon after arriving from the suppliers using an ear punching system routinely used at Charles River.On arrival from the supplier, all mice were examined for signs of disease or ill health. Any animal judged unsuitable for testing was automatically excluded from the study.

Food was freely available to the mice, except for ca 2-4 h prior to dosing and 1-2 h after dosing. The diet used was SDS Rat and Mouse Maintenance Diet No. 1 which was obtained from Special Diet Services Limited, Witham, Essex, England.

Tap water was available ad libitum. The water used at Charles River Laboratories is analysed by the local water authority at 6 month intervals for dissolved materials, heavy metals, pesticide residues, pH, nitrates and nitrites.

All the animals were under the care of Charles Rivers’ clinical veterinary surgeons who were available at all times to provide advice and assistance. Any treatment used to prevent or control intercurrent diseases was implemented at the discretion of the Study Director. Records of any affected individual animals were maintained and include date of first observation and duration of the condition, the nature and dates of the treatment administered
and the outcome of the treatment in relation to the disease and to the test results.

For the micronucleus test, cages were arranged in sequences, each sequence containing one cage of each treatment group. Computer-generated random numbers were used to determine the order of these sequences. The male mice were individually housed and the female mice were group housed in sets of two or three.The high dose group of mice consisted of an increased group size of 7 males and 7 females of
which 5 males and 5 females provided the regular assessment base. The additional mice were processed in normal fashion and the slides labelled with the original animal number. The slides from this spare group were kept as a contingency in case of unscheduled deaths or potential sex differences. In the event of death, the first available animal in the relevant contingency group replaced the missing animal. Preparations were made from remaining
contingency group animals and the slides were kept as spares. For the main micronucleus test, the coding procedure was completed by giving test tubes random numbers from a computer-generated numerical sequence, 201-225. From this stage onwards, the operators were therefore unaware of the dose group and treated animal from which the sample had been taken. The randomisation code was only broken when the last slide had been assessed at which point the generated data were computer-sorted and then tabulated as relevant.
Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
The test item was dissolved in water to give the required dosing concentrations. Due to the availability of formulation stability, dose formulations were prepared in advance and stored in the fridge when not in use. The dose volume used for both the control and test item treated animals was a constant 10 mL/kg body weight.

Cyclophosphamide was prepared fresh as a 5 mg/mL solution in distilled water. It was administered to the positive control animals in dose volumes of 10 mL/kg to give the required target dose of 50 mg/kg.
Details on exposure:
Groups of CD-1 mice were dosed orally at 0 h and 24 h with test or control materials, then marrow samples taken 24 h later
Duration of treatment / exposure:
Oral exposure (gavage)
Frequency of treatment:
Twice (0h, 24h)
Post exposure period:
24 hours
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
0, 2000 mg/kg bw
Basis:
actual ingested
No. of animals per sex per dose:
5/sex (7/sex in the 2000 mg/kg bw group)
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Positive control(s):
50 mg Cyclophosphamide/kg (males only)
Tissues and cell types examined:
Femoral bone marrow PCEs
Details of tissue and slide preparation:
Mice were killed by cervical dislocation. One femur of each mouse was quickly dissected out and freed of adherent tissue. A small hole was made in the neck of one femur and the marrow flushed, using a 1 mL syringe fitted with a gauge 25 needle, into a centrifuge tube containing 3 mL of a 1:1 mixture of foetal calf serum and 0.8% trisodium citrate in Sorensen's buffer, pH 6.8 (Sorensen's buffer, pH 6.8 = 2.84 g Na2HPO4/L plus 2.72 g KH2PO4/L distilled water). Routine tissue culture antibiotics were included to prevent microbial growth. This mildly hypotonic treatment served to make the micronuclei clearly visible and to distinguish them from surrounding artefacts. Following completion of the sampling procedure the contents of the tubes were briefly agitated on a vortex mixer to allow separation of the cells. The tubes were centrifuged to pellet the cells. All but a few drops of supernatant fluid were discarded. The cells were then resuspended on a vortex mixer in this residual amount of supernatant liquid. Clean slides were assigned numbers corresponding to the tube numbers. A drop of the suspension was placed at one end of the slide and a smear made by drawing the top of a Pasteur pipette horizontally along the slide. Two slides were prepared from each tube/animal. The smear was left to air dry, fixed in methanol for ca 5 min and then immersed for 15 min in 15% Giemsa stain, prepared in tap water, to give optimum erythrocyte discrimination. The stained smears were finally rinsed in water for ca 1 min and left to air dry overnight. Permanent slide preparations were made by sealing coverslips onto the glass slides using DPX mounting medium. The better of the 2 prepared slides was selected for examination and the coded slides assessed blind by the same operator. At least two thousand (2000) polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) per animal were scored for micronuclei and the frequency of micronucleated cells (MN-PCE) determined. As a control against inclusion of artefacts, or action of a mutagen on the G2 and/or mitotic phase of the cell cycle, the numbers of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNCE) in mature red blood corpuscles were also recorded (Maier and Schmid, 1976; Hamoud et a , 1989). In addition, scored micronuclei were assigned on the basis of size into small or large categories, historically defined as micronuclei occupying less or more than 25% of the visible cellular area. This classification provided a non-specific measure of compound induced spindle dysfunction, as large micronuclei appear to derive from lagging chromosomes caused by damage to the mitotic apparatus during bone marrow erythropoiesis (Yamamoto and Kikuchi, 1980; Vanderkerken et al, 1989). The PCE/NCE ratio, a measure of any induced systemic toxicity, was determined by counting a minimum total of 1000 erythrocytes (PCE + NCE) per marrow preparation.A suitable binocular microscope was used for the assessment. The scoring was done under a nominal magnification of x 1250 using x 12.5 magnification eye pieces and a x 100 oil immersion objective.
Evaluation criteria:
The average micronucleus incidence in vehicle control dosed and untreated CD-1 mice, has in this laboratory been determined as 0.05±0.06% , a range of 0.00-0.23% per group of 5 animals and 0.00-0.18% per group of 10 animals (Appendix 3). This frequency is in published data for micronucleus tests with CD-1 mice.

The test would be judged negative if no biologically relevant increases in the numbers of MNPCE were observed, relative to the concurrent and established historical control frequencies for MN-PCE induction.

The test would be judged positive if an increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) was obtained for one or more of the test item treated dose groups. That is, an increase greater than 10% over the expected historical control ranges for a group of animals. The increase observed should be biologically relevant and statistically significant relative to concurrent and historical control frequencies for MN-PCE and/or MNNCE induction.

The test would be considered inconclusive if the levels of MN-PCE within any one dose group were increased above the established historical control frequencies for MN-PCE induction, but not high enough to meet the criteria for a positive response. That is an increase up to 10% over the maximum negative control frequency for a group of animals.
Statistics:
No statistical analysis was performed as the levels of MN-PCE induction fell within the determined historical control frequencies.
Sex:
male/female
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
no effects
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Negative controls validity:
not applicable
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
The prepared slides had uniform staining properties and sufficient number of PCE cells present to allow accurate micronucleus determination. The assay was considered acceptable as the MN-PCE frequencies for the vehicle control dosed mice were within the expected historical range. The ranges are defined in accordance with Charles Rivers experience of the bone marrow micronucleus test using CD-1 mice. The third requirement for an acceptable assay is an adequate positive control response for at least 2 animals and the dose group as a whole. This criterion was also met in this micronucleus test.

No animal deaths occurred in the vehicle control and test item group. There were also no clinical signs in these groups. In the positive control group, animal 127M displayed an extreme response after dosing on day 2. Due to the severity and unexpected nature of the response (positive control animals typically show no adverse reactions throughout the study) the animal was humanely killed and sent for post mortem examination. Necropsy findings indicated that there was a rupture at the thoracic inlet, suggesting that the animal had been inadvertently damaged during the dosing procedure.

The numbers of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) in mice dosed with the vehicle, 10 mL water/kg, averaged 0.02%. This MN-PCE frequency conformed to the established in-house control range for vehicle treated mice of the CD-1 strain (0.00-0.18% per 10 mice).

Exposure of mice to the positive control agent, 50 mg cyclophosphamide/kg, induced large increases in bone marrow micronuclei. The mean MN-PCE frequency for the mice was 0.89%. An evident increase in the number of MN-NCE was also observed. Bone marrow toxicity accompanied these findings as shown by a suppression of the PCE/NCE ratios.

There was no indication that Polyol-PX induced bone marrow micronuclei in the treated mice. The highest MN-PCE frequency recorded for the test item was for males where an incidence of 0.04% was observed.

Summary of findings

Group

Micronucleated PCEs (%)

M

F

M+F

-Control

0.04

0.01

0.02

Polyol PX 2000 mg/kg bw/d

0.04

0.02

0.03

Cyclophosphamide

 

 

0.89

Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative
It is concluded that Polyol-PX did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow cells when tested to the maximum recommended dose of 2000 mg/kg/day in male and female CD-1 mice using a 0 h + 24 h oral dosing and 48 h sampling regimen.
Executive summary:

The in vivo genotoxic potential of Polyol-PX was evaluated in a micronucleus test in bone marrow erythrocytes of young male and female CD-1 mice following a 0 h + 24 h oral dosing and 48 h sampling regimen. A toxicity study was undertaken to establish a suitable dose range for the micronucleus experiment. Based on the findings of the toxicity study, the maximum recommended dose of 2000 mg Polyol-PX/kg bw/day was judged to be non-toxic and was selected for the main micronucleus test. In the micronucleus test, a group of CD-1 mice were therefore dosed at 0 h and 24 h via the oral route with the test item at a concentration of 2000 mg/kg/day. Bone marrow samples were taken 48 h after the initial 0 h dose. Two control groups of CD-1 mice were dosed orally with the vehicle, 10 mL water/kg/day, or the positive control agent, 50 mg cyclophosphamide/kg/day. The experimental schedule for the control groups followed that of the test item treated mice. No micronucleus induction was detected in bone marrow erythrocytes of mice dosed with Polyol-PX. Animals treated with the vehicle alone showed normal background levels of micronuclei, while animals dosed with cyclophosphamide responded with substantial increases in the numbers of bone marrow micronuclei. It was concluded that Polyol-PX did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow cells when tested to the maximum recommended dose of 2000 mg/kg/day in male and female CD-1 mice using a 0 h + 24 h oral dosing and 48 h sampling regimen.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Additional information from genetic toxicity:


Genetic toxicity in vitro


A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed with Polyol PX, according to GLP and OECD test method 471 (Sokolowski, 2005). Four Salmonella typhimurium strains and one Escherichia coli strain were tested, both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. None of the strains tested showed any signs of toxicity at concentrations up to and including 5000 µg/plate. Polyol PX did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used.


A GLP chromosome aberration study was conducted with Polyol PX and Chinese hamster ovary cells, according to OECD method 473 (Robinson, 2009). Toxicity was evident at concentrations 313 -5000 µg/ml in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 mix), and at 625 -5000 µg/ml in the absence of metabolic activation. Chromosome aberration studies were conducted at dose levels of 156, 625 and 1250 µg/ml in the presence of S9 mix, and at 156, 313 and 625 µg/ml without S9 mix. Polyol PX induced chromosomal aberrations in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation, at concentrations deemed toxic to the cells.


 


Genetic toxicity in vivo


A study of chromosomal effects was performed in vivo in order to clarify the results of the in vitro study in CHO cells.


The in vivo genotoxic potential of Polyol-PX was evaluated in a micronucleus test in bone marrow erythrocytes of young male and female CD-1 mice following a 0 h + 24 h oral dosing and 48 h sampling regimen (Innes, 2010). A toxicity study was undertaken to establish a suitable dose range for the micronucleus experiment. Based on the findings of the toxicity study, the maximum recommended dose of 2000 mg Polyol-PX/kg bw/day was judged to be non-toxic and was selected for the main micronucleus test. In the micronucleus test, a group of CD-1 mice were therefore dosed at 0 h and 24 h via the oral route with the test item at a concentration of 2000 mg/kg/day. Bone marrow samples were taken 48 h after the initial 0 h dose. Two control groups of CD-1 mice were dosed orally with the vehicle, 10 mL water/kg/day, or the positive control agent, 50 mg cyclophosphamide/kg/day. The experimental schedule for the control groups followed that of the test item treated mice. No micronucleus induction was detected in bone marrow erythrocytes of mice dosed with Polyol-PX. Animals treated with the vehicle alone showed normal background levels of micronuclei, while animals dosed with cyclophosphamide responded with substantial increases in the numbers of bone marrow micronuclei. It was concluded that Polyol-PX did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow cells when tested to the maximum recommended dose of 2000 mg/kg/day in male and female CD-1 mice using a 0 h + 24 h oral dosing and 48 h sampling regimen.



Justification for selection of genetic toxicity endpoint
Higher tier study, performed to clarify the results of the studies in vitro

Justification for classification or non-classification

On the basis of the available studies, no classification is required for genetic toxicity according to EC Regulation 1272/2008 for the Reaction mass of 1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(methoxymethoxy)methyl]- and 1,3-dioxane-5,5-dimethanol.