Zeolite, cuboidal, crystalline, synthetic, non-fibrous

Toxicity to terrestrial plants

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

Feb. 21 - Dec. 19, 2001; experimental phase: May 9 - Nov. 16, 2001

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)

Version / remarks:

„Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test", Part 208, adopted April 4th, 1984

Deviations:

not specified

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Name: Vegobond AX (Sodium Aluminiosilicate)
Batch No.: SP 1441/Ref. 1
Description: white powder
Composition: Sodium-aluminium-silicate
CAS No.: 1327-36-2
Formula: (Na2O)(Al2O3)(SiO2)2*4.5 H2O
Purity: no specification
Stability: stable at 20 ℃
Storage: at room temperature, in closed package
Solubility in water: insoluble

Analytical monitoring:

no

Species:

other: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum

Details on test organisms:

Three different plants (one of each category stated in the OECD-guideline 208) were used. The seeds were purchased from a natural food store, ensuring that no chemical treatment has occured.

Test type:

seedling emergence and seedling growth test

Study type:

laboratory study

Substrate type:

artificial soil

Remarks:

Composition: 40% Standard Soil 3A (LUFA Speyer), 40% sand, 20% deionized water

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

1 mo

Remarks:

Experiments were carried on until more than 80% of the control seeds had emerged, which was about one month in case of the third experiment.

Test temperature:

20 +/- 2 °C

pH:

5.0-7.5 (6.5 at start of experiments)

Moisture:

60-75 %

Details on test conditions:

Lighting: > 5000 Lux
Photo period: 12/12 hours
Water: ad libitum, planting pots were kept moist

Photo period:
Water:

Photo period:
Water:

Nominal and measured concentrations:

1st experiment: 1.5 g/kg, 1.0 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg and 0.15 g/kg
2nd experiment: 500 g/kg, 150 g/kg, 50 g/kg and 15 g/kg
3rd experiment: 15 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg
All given concentrations were nominal.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Species:

other: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

9 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

seedling emergence

Key result

Species:

Avena sativa

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

9 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Key result

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

6 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Key result

Species:

Lepidum sativum

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

7 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Details on results:

In the initial experiment, no adverse effect of the test substance could be observed, showing EC50 and LC50 to be higher than 1,5 g/kg.
In the second experiment, EC50 and LC50 were determined to be lower than 15 g/kg.
The third experiment, performed with four concentrations spaced between 0,5 g/kg and 15 g/kg, showed a satisfactory correlation between emergence and concentration.
As can be deducted from the three experiments, the EC50 of the test substance lies definitively between 15 and 5 g/kg dry matter.
In using sigmoid regression to fit the % emergence relative to the control on a linear scale to the concentration in g/kg on a logarithmic scale, a concentration-effect-relationship could be shown.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The following values could be determined:
LC50 (emergence): 9 g/kg (for all species used: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum)
EC50 (growth, Avena sativa): 9 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Raphanus sativus): 6 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Lepidium sativum): 7 g/kg
Under the conditions of the test, Vegobond AX showed significant effects on emergence and growth of Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, and Lepidium sativum.

Executive summary:

This study was intended to reveal toxic effects of soil-incorporated Vegobond AX on the emergence and the early stages of growth of three terrestrial plants after a single application.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

experimental phase: Sep. 1976 - Sep. 1977

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

one year test, 4 different soils, Sasil alone and with two sewage sludges

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SASIL (A Zeolite)

Species:

Lolium perenne

Plant group:

other: poaceae

Species:

other: Lolium italicum

Plant group:

other: poaceae

Test type:

seedling emergence and seedling growth test

Study type:

extended laboratory study

Substrate type:

artificial soil

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

12 mo

pH:

Kst-Tf:: 4.7
Kst-Re: 4.6
Gm-Pb: 7.3
Sst-Po: 3.0

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Sasil groups: level 0-0: 0 g / level 0-1: 2 g / level 0-2: 4 g
Sewage sludge from treatment plant Fellbach groups: level F1-0: 7.82 g / level F2-0: 15.64 g
Sewage sludge from treatment plant Fellbach + Sasil groups: level F1-1: 7.82 g / level F2-2: 15.64 g
Sewage sludge from treatment plant Büsnau groups: level B1-1: 7.14 g / level B2-2: 14.28 g

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Species:

Lolium perenne

Duration:

12 mo

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

4 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

other: yield

Remarks on result:

other: result for Sasil

Species:

other: Lolium italicum

Duration:

12 mo

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

4 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

other: yield

Remarks on result:

other: result for Sasil

With NPKMgS-fertilization only, the yields on terra fusca and parabrown earth (despite initially very high Mn contents in both cases and low Ca contents in the latter) as well as the rendzina (despite low contents initially of Mn and later of Cu) were quite high, on the Podsol, on the other hand, (especially at the beginning and at the end) considerably lower, and indeed fairly certain because of the continuous lack of Ca, and perhaps because of the onset of a lack of Mn, but not of P.

SASIL increased the yields on the parabrown earth (with an increase in the Ca, but a decrease in the high Mn uptake) and the Rendzina (with an increase in the Cu uptake) only slightly, the already quite high on the terra fusca at level 0-2, however, clearly (with a slight increase in the Ca uptake and a reduction in the Mn content) and the very low ones on the Podsol (especially initially and finally) very much below or as a result of an even greater increase in the pH and the Ca uptake and despite the reduction of the already quite low Mn content.

With its (low) heavy metal intake, SASIL only increased the diprivations noticeably in the poor Podsol and hardly any levels there either. On the other hand, the slight increase in pH (and the KAK by 1 or 2 meq / 100 g) only caused a certain reduction in availability for Mn (and Fe), while the contents and uptake of the "problem elements" Zn, Pb and Cd (also the high in the case of Terra fusca) remained unchanged. Under the aspect of forage quality, the strongly increased Na content of the grass on all soils should be noted positively. An increased Al supply in SASIL degradation could be unfavorable directly through Al-toxicity (for which, however, the Al contents of the plants, which were below the detection limit, did not provide any indication) or indirectly through P fixation. On the terra fusca and the parabrown earth, SASIL did indeed initially (and finally) lower the P uptake (during the Parabrown earth in total from 439 to 409 mg / pot), the P content also in Podsol, but thanks to the P re-fertilization in no case up to the deficiency limit for plants or animals (with parabrown earth on average from 6.6 to 5.9% ).

The Fellbach sewage sludge influenced the yield formation on all soils in a similar way to SASIL, but increased the Ca and Cu and decreased the Mn uptake to a greater extent because of the greater intake and greater pH increase (to 4.5, 5 and 6 forPodsol, Terra fusca or Parabraunerde).Corresponding to the intake, the uptake of Zn was generally higher, mostly also with Cd (not in the rich terra fusca), less with Pb, hardly with Fe (except in the poor Podsol, where the Mn uptake also increased) and not with Na. However, the levels did not rise into a range that should be regarded as toxic.

In the combination of SASIL + Fellbach sewage sludge, the yield increases were only greater on the Podsol than expected after the effects of the components (otherwise the same or slightly less), generally the Fe and Zn uptake as well as the pH values increased more strongly (to 5,5.5 or 6 for Podsol, Terra fusca or Parabrown earth) and the Mn recordings were more strongly reduced, as well as the P recordings, only to the extent that specific SASIL effects could be identified. Apart from an initial lowering of the Mn content in the Rendzina plants to the point of deficiency and - especially initially - very high Na content in the grass, these effects remained within the range of optimal supply.

The SASIL-containing sewage sludge increased the yields on the Rendzina a little more (for no apparent reason), on the Parabrown earth a little and on the Podsol significantly less than "Fellbach + SASIL", probably due to a lower Ca supply and pH increase (to 4, with possible consequences for P availability). In general, a lack of pH increase at higher intakes was associated with significantly higher Mn and somewhat higher Fe intakes and, despite lower intakes, significantly higher Zn and not lower Cu and Pb intakes, furthermore the Na-uptake always lower and the Cd-uptake mostly higher. Except for - especially towards the end of the experiment - very high Zn-contents in the grass of the parabrown earth and the podsol (up to 216 ppm) the heavy metal contents did not exceed the optima or the level of only minerally fertilized plants.

Conclusions:

The yields were hardly specifically influenced (only by eliminating calcium deficiency, and possibly increased by excess Mn) and the heavy metal content - with the exception of Zn - tended to decrease rather than increase.

Executive summary:

In a one-year test on 4 different NPKMgS-fertilized soils, with the same level in terms of pH, clay content and heavy metal content, the effect of SASIL, alone and in combination with 2 sewage sludges, was examined on the yield (7 cuts) and the quality (measured by the heavy metal content) of ryegrass.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

Feb. 21 - Dec. 19, 2001; experimental phase: May 9 - Nov. 16, 2001

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)

Version / remarks:

„Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test", Part 208, adopted April 4th, 1984

Deviations:

not specified

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Name: Doucil A24 (detergent grade MAP type zeolite)
Batch No.: Ref.Nr.31
Description: white powder
Composition: Sodium-aluminium-silicate
CAS No.: 1318-02-1
Formula: (Na2O)(AI2O3)(SiO3)2
Purity: no specification
Stability: stable at 20 ℃
Storage: at room temperature, in closed package
Solubility in water: insoluble

Analytical monitoring:

no

Species:

other: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum

Details on test organisms:

Three different plants (one of each category stated in the OECD-guideline 208) were used. The seeds were purchased from a natural food store, ensuring that no chemical treatment has occured.

Test type:

seedling emergence and seedling growth test

Study type:

laboratory study

Substrate type:

artificial soil

Remarks:

Composition: 40% Standard Soil 3A (LUFA Speyer), 40% sand, 20% deionized water

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

1 mo

Remarks:

Experiments were carried on until more than 80% of the control seeds had emerged, which was about one month in case of the third experiment.

Test temperature:

20 +/- 2 °C

pH:

5.0-7.5 (6.5 at start of experiments)

Moisture:

60-75 %

Details on test conditions:

Lighting: > 5000 Lux
Photo period: 12/12 hours
Water: ad libitum, planting pots were kept moist

Photo period:
Water:

Photo period:
Water:

Nominal and measured concentrations:

1st experiment: 1.5 g/kg, 1.0 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg and 0.15 g/kg
2nd experiment: 500 g/kg, 150 g/kg, 50 g/kg and 15 g/kg
3rd experiment: 15 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg
All given concentrations were nominal.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Species:

other: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

9 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

seedling emergence

Key result

Species:

Avena sativa

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

14 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Key result

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

11 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Key result

Species:

Lepidum sativum

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

7 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Details on results:

In the initial experiment, no adverse effect of the test substance could be observed, showing EC50 and LC50 to be higher than 1,5 g/kg.
In the second experiment, EC50 and LC50 were determined to be lower than 15 g/kg.
The third experiment, performed with four concentrations spaced between 0,5 g/kg and 15 g/kg, showed a satisfactory correlation between emergence and concentration.
As can be deducted from the three experiments, the EC50 of the test substance lies definitively between 15 and 5 g/kg dry matter.
In using sigmoid regression to fit the % emergence relative to the control on a linear scale to the concentration in g/kg on a logarithmic scale, a concentration-effect-relationship could be shown.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The following values could be determined:
LC50 (emergence): 9 g/kg (for all species used: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepid ium sativum)
EC50 (growth, Avena sativa): 14 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Raphanus sativus): 11 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Lepidium sativum): 7 g/kg
Under the conditions of the test, Doucil A24 showed significant effects on emergence and growth of Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus} and Lepidium sativum.

Executive summary:

This study was intended to reveal toxic effects of soil-incorporated Doucil A24 on the emergence and the early stages of growth of three terrestrial plants after a single application.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

Feb. 21 - Dec. 19, 2001; experimental phase: May 9 - Nov. 16, 2001

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)

Version / remarks:

„Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test", Part 208, adopted April 4th, 1984

Deviations:

not specified

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Name: Wessalith 4000 (A Zeolite)/ Doucil 4a (The sponsor assured that the chemical identity of both substances was the same.)
Batch No.: Kontroll Nr.0191 / Ref. Nr. 494
Description: white powder
Composition: zeolithe
CAS No.: 1318-02-1
Formula: Na12[AIO2)12(SiO2)12]*27 H2O
Purity: no specification
Stability: stable at 20 ℃
Storage: at room temperature, in closed package
Solubility in water: insoluble

Analytical monitoring:

no

Species:

other: Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum

Details on test organisms:

Three different plants (one of each category stated in the OECD-guideline 208) were used. The seeds were purchased from a natural food store, ensuring that no chemical treatment has occured.

Test type:

seedling emergence and seedling growth test

Study type:

laboratory study

Substrate type:

artificial soil

Remarks:

Composition: 40% Standard Soil 3A (LUFA Speyer), 40% sand, 20% deionized water

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

1 mo

Remarks:

Experiments were carried on until more than 80% of the control seeds had emerged, which was about one month in case of the third experiment.

Test temperature:

20 +/- 2 °C

pH:

5.0-7.5 (6.5 at start of experiments)

Moisture:

60-75 %

Details on test conditions:

Lighting: > 5000 Lux
Photo period: 12/12 hours
Water: ad libitum, planting pots were kept moist

Photo period:
Water:

Photo period:
Water:

Nominal and measured concentrations:

1st experiment: 1.5 g/kg, 1.0 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg and 0.15 g/kg
2nd experiment: 500 g/kg, 150 g/kg, 50 g/kg and 15 g/kg
3rd experiment: 15 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg
All given concentrations were nominal.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Species:

Avena sativa

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

14 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

seedling emergence

Key result

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

5 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

seedling emergence

Key result

Species:

Lepidum sativum

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

15 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

seedling emergence

Key result

Species:

Avena sativa

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

15 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Key result

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

4 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Key result

Species:

Lepidum sativum

Duration:

1 mo

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

10 g/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Basis for effect:

growth

Details on results:

In the initial experiment, no adverse effect of the test substance could be observed, showing EC50 and LC50 to be higher than 1,5 g/kg.
In the second experiment, EC50 and LC50 were determined to be lower than 15 g/kg.
The third experiment, performed with four concentrations spaced between 0,5 g/kg and 15 g/kg, showed a satisfactory correlation between emergence and concentration.
As can be deducted from the three experiments, the EC50 of the test substance lies definitively between 15 and 5 g/kg dry matter.
In using sigmoid regression to fit the % emergence relative to the control on a linear scale to the concentration in g/kg on a logarithmic scale, a concentration-effect-relationship could be shown.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The following values could be determined:
LC50 (emergence, Avena sativa): 14 g/kg
LC50 (emergence, Raphanus sativus): 5 g/kg
LC50 (emergence, Lepidium sativum): 15 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Avena sativa): 15 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Raphanus sativus): 4 g/kg
EC50 (growth, Lepidium sativum): 10 g/kg
Under the conditions of the test, Wessalith 4000 showed significant effects on emergence and growth of Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, and Lepidium sativum.

Executive summary:

This study was intended to reveal toxic effects of soil-incorporated Wesalith 4000 (aka. Doucil 4a) on the emergence and the early stages of growth of three terrestrial plants after a single application.

Description of key information

Only one study derived a NOEC: In a one year test with a type A zeolite in Lolium perenne and Lolium italicum 4 g/kg soil dw. formed this threshold for both plants.

In other experimental studies no NOECs were determined, but significant effects on emergence and growth of Avena sativa, Raphanus sativus, and Lepidium sativum were shown. In these studies only LC50 and EC50 values were determined. The most sensitive value was seen with the a type A zeolite on Raphanus sativus, EC50(growth): 4 g/kg soil (dw.). Other EC50 values range between 5 and 15 g/kg soil (dw.). Therefore, the NOEC derived for the type A zeolite seems to be adequate for zeolites in general.