Dipotassium peroxodisulphate

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Dipotassium persulfate did not show any mutagenic effects in a bacterial reverse mutation assay. Genetic toxicity was further assessed following a read across approach on data from disodium persulfate. Two in vitro studies are available covering bacterial reverse mutation and unscheduled DNA synthesis. An in vitro chromosome aberration assay was not performed due to the fact that an adequate in vivo study is available with disodium persulfate.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2017-08-16 to 2017-10-26

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

21st July, 1997

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

only one strain tested

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Version / remarks:

May 30, 2008

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

only one strain tested

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)

Version / remarks:

August 1998

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

only one strain tested

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: ICH Guideline S2 (R1): Genotoxicity testing and data interpretation for pharmaceuticals intended for human use

Version / remarks:

June 2012

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

only one strain tested

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Only one strain was tested as requested by ECHA. An older study with Disodium peroxodisulphate (SPS) does include 5 bacterial strains; however non of these strains does detect cross-linking mutagens. Therefore an additional bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed using only Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. This study was designed to fill the data gap for the detection of cross linking mutagens.

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Target gene:

The Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA tryptophan (trp) reversion system measures trp- → trp+ reversions. The Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA detects mutagens that cause base-pair substitutions (AT to GC).

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 fraction of Phenobarbital (PB) and β-naphthoflavone (BNF) induced rat liver

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Selection of the concentrations was done on the basis of a solubility test and a concentration range finding test (Informatory Toxicity Test).
±S9 Mix: 5000; 160; 500; 160; 50 and 16 μg/plate (Experiment I - plate incorporation method)
±S9 Mix: 5000; 160; 500; 160; 50 and 16 μg/plate (Experiment II - pre-incubation method)

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Ultrapure water (ASTM Type I) was applied as vehicle of the test item and the positive control substance MMS (Methyl methanesulfonate); and DMSO was applied as vehicle for positive control substances 2AA.

- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: In the study two vehicle control groups were used depending on the solubility of the test item and the solubility of positive control chemicals.

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2AA (2-Aminoanthracene)

Remarks:

With metabolic activation (+S9), 50 µg

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

Ultrapure water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

methylmethanesulfonate

Remarks:

Without Metabolic activation (-S9), 2 µL

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation); preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 min at 37°C
- Exposure duration: 48 hours in the dark

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: relative total growth
The toxicity of the test item was determined with Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA in a pre-experiment. 7 concentrations were tested for toxicity and mutation induction with 3 plates each.

Evaluation criteria:

A test item is considered mutagenic if:
- a dose-related increase in the number of revertants occurs and/or;
- a reproducible biologically relevant positive response (the number of reversions is at least three times higher than the reversion rate of the vehicle control) for at least one of the dose groups occurs in the examined strain with or without metabolic activation.

Criteria for a Negative Response:
A test item is considered non-mutagenic in this bacterial reverse mutation assay if it produces neither a dose-related increase in the number of revertants nor a reproducible biologically relevant positive response at any of the dose groups, with or without metabolic activation.

The tests (initial and confirmatory mutation experiments) are considered to be valid if:
- The Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA culture demonstrates the deletion in the uvrA gene.
- The bacterial cultures demonstrate the characteristic mean number of spontaneous revertants in the vehicle controls.
- The tester strain culture titer is in the 109 cells/mL order.
- The batch of S9 used in this study shows the appropriate biological activity.
- The reference mutagens show the expected increase (at least a 3.0-fold increase) in induced revertant colonies over the mean value of the respective vehicle control.
- There are at least five analyzable concentrations (at the tester strain) (a minimum of three non-toxic dose levels is required to evaluate assay data).

A dose level is considered toxic if
- the reduced revertant colony numbers are observed as compared to the mean vehicle control value and the reduction shows a dose-dependent relationship, and / or
- the reduced revertant colony numbers are below the historical control data range and / or
- pinpoint colonies appear and / or
- clearing or diminution of the background lawn (reduced background lawn development occurs).

Statistics:

none

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Remarks:

Please refer to ESR “Key.Source (SPS)-001-Genetic toxicity in vitro-Ames.FMC Corporation, 1990”

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Remarks:

Please refer to ESR “Key.Source (SPS)-001-Genetic toxicity in vitro-Ames.FMC Corporation, 1990”

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Remarks:

Please refer to ESR “Key.Source (SPS)-001-Genetic toxicity in vitro-Ames.FMC Corporation, 1990”

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Remarks:

Please refer to ESR “Key.Source (SPS)-001-Genetic toxicity in vitro-Ames.FMC Corporation, 1990”

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: No precipitation of the test item was observed on the plates in the examined bacterial strain at any examined concentration level (±S9 Mix) throughout the study.
- Definition of acceptable cells for analysis:
- Other confounding effects:

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
The toxicity of the test item was determined with Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA in a pre-experiment. 7 concentrations were tested for toxicity and mutation induction with 3 plates each. The experimental conditions in this pre-experiment were the same as for the main experiment I (plate incorporation test) and included non-activated and S9 activated test conditions with appropriate positive and negative controls. The test item concentrations, including the controls (untreated, vehicle and positive reference) were tested in triplicate. In the toxicity test the concentrations examined were: 5000, 1600, 500, 160, 50, 16 and 5 μg/plate.
The revertant colony numbers of vehicle control plates in the examined strain with and without S9 Mix were in line with the corresponding historical control data ranges. The positive control treatments showed the expected, biological relevant increases in induced revertant colonies.
In the Informatory Toxicity Test inhibitory effect of the test item was not observed. The colony and background lawn development was not affected in any case. All of the obtained slight revertant colony number increases (compared to the revertant colony numbers of the vehicle control) remained within the biological variability range of the applied test system.
No precipitation of the test item was observed on the plates in the examined bacterial strain at any examined concentration levels (±S9 Mix).


HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (Please refer to "Any other information on results incl.tables")
In the Initial Mutation Test all of the obtained higher revertant colony numbers (higher than the revertant colony numbers of the vehicle control) remained within the corresponding historical control data ranges, were far below the biologically relevant threshold for being positive (3 fold higher mutation rate of control) and were considered to reflect the biological variability of the applied test system. In the Initial Mutation Test inhibitory effect of the test item was not observed; the colony and background lawn development was not affected in any case.
In the Confirmatory Mutation Test all of the decreased revertant colony numbers (when compared to the revertant colony numbers of the vehicle control) remained in the corresponding historical control data ranges of the ultrapure water vehicle control, and were without any biological significance. The background lawn development was not affected in any case.
In the performed experiments the revertant colony numbers of the untreated and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control plates in the different experimental phases were slightly higher or lower than the ultrapure water control plates. The higher or lower revertant counts of these controls remained in the historical control data ranges.

Table 1: Summary Table of the Results of the Concentration Range Finding Test

Concentration Range Finding Test (Informatory Toxicity Test)
Concentrations (µg/plate)	Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA
	-S9		+S9
Mean values of revertants per plate and Mutation rate (MR)	Mean	MR	Mean	MR
Untreated Control	32.0	1.09	29.0	0.83
DMSO Control	-	-	34.7	1.00
Ultrapure Water Control	29.3	1.00	35.0	1.00
5000	29.3	1.00	30.7	0.88
1600	39.0	1.33	38.3	1.10
500	27.0	0.92	26.7	0.76
160	34.3	1.17	34.3	0.98
50	30.7	1.05	30.7	0.88
16	29.3	1.00	27.3	0.78
5	23.7	0.81	30.7	0.88
MMS (2 µL)	773.3	26.36	-	-
2AA (50 µg)	-	-	220.7	6.37

MR: Mutation Rate

Remarks:Ultrapure water was applied as vehicle of the test item and the positive control substance: MMS and the DMSO was applied as vehicle for positive control substance: 2AA. The mutation rate of the test item, MMS and untreated control is given referring to the ultrapure water; the mutation rate of 2AA is given referring to DMSO.

 

Table 2: Summary Table of the Results of the Initial Mutation Test

Initial Mutation Test (Plate Incorporation Test)
Concentrations (µg/plate)	Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA
	-S9		+S9
Mean values of revertants per plate and Mutation rate (MR)	Mean	MR	Mean	MR
Untreated Control	29.0	1.02	37.3	0.94
DMSO Control	-	-	38.0	1.00
Ultrapure Water Control	28.3	1.00	39.7	1.00
5000	29.3	1.04	30.0	0.76
1600	26.0	0.92	39.3	0.99
500	27.3	0.96	42.3	1.07
160	34.7	1.22	36.7	0.92
50	35.0	1.24	29.3	0.74
16	32.3	1.14	30.7	0.77
MMS (2 µL)	768.0	27.11	-	-
2AA (50 µg)	-	-	174.0	4.58

MR:Mutation Rate

Remarks:Ultrapure water was applied as vehicle of the test item and the positive control substance: MMS and the DMSO was applied as vehicle for positive control substance: 2AA. The mutation rate of the test item, MMS and untreated control is given referring to the ultrapure water; the mutation rate of 2AA is given referring to DMSO.

 

Table 3: Summary Table of the Results of the Confirmatory Mutation Test

Confirmatory Mutation Test (Pre-Incubation Test)
Concentrations (µg/plate)	Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA
	-S9		+S9
Mean values of revertants per plate and Mutation rate (MR)	Mean	MR	Mean	MR
Untreated Control	29.3	0.86	38.7	0.84
DMSO Control	-	-	50.7	1.00
Ultrapure Water Control	34.0	1.00	46.0	1.00
5000	20.0	0.59	52.3	1.14
1600	23.0	0.68	52.3	1.14
500	33.7	0.99	49.3	1.07
160	36.7	1.08	46.7	1.01
50	27.7	0.81	43.3	0.94
16	32.0	0.94	30.3	0.66
MMS (2 µL)	750.7	22.08	-	-
2AA (50 µg)	-	-	180.7	3.57

MR:Mutation Rate

Remarks:Ultrapure water was applied as vehicle of the test item and the positive control substance: MMS and the DMSO was applied as vehicle for positive control substance: 2AA. The mutation rate of the test item, MMS and untreated control is given referring to the ultrapure water; the mutation rate of 2AA is given referring to DMSO.

 

Table 4: Historical Control Values for Revertants/Plate (for the Period of 2008-2016)

		Bacterial stain
Historical control data for untreated control	-S9		E. coli
		Average	25.4
		SD	5.2
		Minimum	11
		Maximum	45
	+S9		E. coli
		Average	33.9
		SD	5.2
		Minimum	17
		Maximum	56
		Bacterial Strain
Historical control data of DMSO control	-S9		E. coli
		Average	24.7
		SD	4.6
		Minimum	11
		Maximum	45
	+S9		E. coli
		Average	33.7
		SD	5.0
		Minimum	16
		Maximum	57
		Bacterial Strain
Historical control data of Water control	-S9		E. coli
		Average	26.1
		SD	5.5
		Minimum	12
		Maximum	48
	+S9		E. coli
		Average	34.9
		SD	4.9
		Minimum	18
		Maximum	57
Historical control data of positive controls	-S9		E. coli
		Average	724.5
		SD	65.0
		Minimum	320
		Maximum	1313
	+S9		E. coli
		Average	257.7
		SD	72.5
		Minimum	140
		Maximum	477

 Abbreviations:E. coli:Escherichia coliWP2uvrA;SD: Standard deviation

Conclusions:

The reported data of this mutagenicity assay show, that under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base-pair substitution in the genome of the Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA used. Therefore, Dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) is considered non-mutagenic in this bacterial reverse mutation assay.

Executive summary:

A bacterial reverse mutation assay according OECD guideline 471, EU method B.13/14 and EPA OPPTS 789.5100 was performed to investigate the mutagenic potential of Dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) in two independent experiments, in a plate incorporation test (Initial Mutation Test) and in a pre-incubation test (Confirmatory Mutation Test).
The test item was dissolved in ultrapure water. In the Initial and Confirmatory Mutation Tests the following concentrations were examined: 5000, 1600, 500, 160, 50 and 16 μg/plate. Each assay was conducted with and without metabolic activation (±S9 Mix). The concentrations, including the controls, were tested in triplicate. In the performed experiments positive and negative (vehicle) controls were run concurrently.  In the performed experiments all of the validity criteria, regarding the investigated strain, negative (vehicle) and positive controls, S9 activity and number of investigated analyzable concentration levels were fulfilled. No substantial increases were observed in revertant colony numbers of the investigated Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA tester strain following treatment with KPS at any concentration level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9 Mix) in the performed experiments. Sporadic increases in revertant colony numbers compared to the vehicle control values within the actual historical control data ranges were observed in the independently performed main experiments. However, there was no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations beyond the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance in the performed experiments. In the performed experiments inhibitory effect of the test item (decreased number of revertant colony numbers and/or affected background lawn development) was not observed in any case. No precipitation of the test item was observed on the plates in the examined bacterial strain at any examined concentration level (±S9 Mix) throughout the study.
The reported data of this mutagenicity assay show, that under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base-pair substitution in the genome of the Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA used. Therefore, KPS is considered non-mutagenic in this bacterial reverse mutation assay.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

READ ACROSS CATEGORY APPROACH
A category group was formed with dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS), disodium peroxodisulphate (SPS) and diammonium peroxodisulphate (APS). Several physico-chemical, fate, ecotoxicological and toxicological endpoints were assessed using the category approach. Please refer to the read across justification in chapter 13 for further information.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1538

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Reference 3

Endpoint:

in vitro DNA damage and/or repair study

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

READ ACROSS CATEGORY APPROACH
A category group was formed with dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS), disodium peroxodisulphate (SPS) and diammonium peroxodisulphate (APS). Several physico-chemical, fate, ecotoxicological and toxicological endpoints were assessed using the category approach. Please refer to the read across justification in chapter 13 for further information.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Species / strain:

hepatocytes: rat liver hepatocytes

Metabolic activation:

not specified

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

valid

Reference 4

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Data waiving:

study scientifically not necessary / other information available

Justification for data waiving:

an in vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells or in vitro micronucleus study does not need to be conducted because adequate data from an in vivo cytogenicity test are available

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

No in vivo genetic toxicity data is available for dipotassium persulfate. Therefore it was assessed using data from substances of the Persulfate Category. Disodium persulfate was tested for genetic toxicity in two in vivo tests. Based on the results obtained, dipotassium persulfate was not considered genotoxic.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

READ ACROSS CATEGORY APPROACH
A category group was formed with dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS), disodium peroxodisulphate (SPS) and diammonium peroxodisulphate (APS). Several physico-chemical, fate, ecotoxicological and toxicological endpoints were assessed using the category approach. Please refer to the read across justification in chapter 13 for further information.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Sex:

male/female

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

yes

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

READ ACROSS CATEGORY APPROACH
A category group was formed with dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS), disodium peroxodisulphate (SPS) and diammonium peroxodisulphate (APS). Several physico-chemical, fate, ecotoxicological and toxicological endpoints were assessed using the category approach. Please refer to the read across justification in chapter 13 for further information.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Sex:

male

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

yes

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Dipotassium persulfate of the Persulfate Category was tested for genetic toxicity in an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay using Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. A read across approach was also applied for dipotassium persulfate using results of in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity testing obtained with another substance of the Persulfate Category (disodium persulfate) as this substance shows similar toxicological properties. Based on the results obtained, no genetic toxicity was assumed for dipotassium persulfate.

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Bacterial reverse mutation assay

A bacterial reverse mutation assay according OECD guideline 471, EU method B.13/14 and EPA OPPTS 789.5100 was performed to investigate the mutagenic potential of Dipotassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) in two independent experiments with Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA; in a plate incorporation test (Initial Mutation Test) and in a pre-incubation test (Confirmatory Mutation Test). This additional study was performed because the available study with Disodium peroxo disulphate (SPS) does include 5 bacterial strains; however non of these strains does detect cross-linking mutagens. Therefore an additional bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed using Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA.

The test item was dissolved in ultrapure water. In the Initial and Confirmatory Mutation Tests the following concentrations were examined: 5000, 1600, 500, 160, 50 and 16 μg/plate. Each assay was conducted with and without metabolic activation (±S9 Mix). The concentrations, including the controls, were tested in triplicate. In the performed experiments positive and negative (vehicle) controls were run concurrently.  In the performed experiments all of the validity criteria, regarding the investigated strain, negative (vehicle) and positive controls, S9 activity and number of investigated analyzable concentration levels were fulfilled. No substantial increases were observed in revertant colony numbers of the investigated Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA tester strain following treatment with KPS at any concentration level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9 Mix) in the performed experiments. Sporadic increases in revertant colony numbers compared to the vehicle control values within the actual historical control data ranges were observed in the independently performed main experiments. However, there was no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations beyond the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance in the performed experiments. In the performed experiments inhibitory effect of the test item (decreased number of revertant colony numbers and/or affected background lawn development) was not observed in any case. No precipitation of the test item was observed on the plates in the examined bacterial strain at any examined concentration level (±S9 Mix) throughout the study.
The reported data of this mutagenicity assay show, that under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base-pair substitution in the genome of the Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA used. Therefore, KPS is considered non-mutagenic in this bacterial reverse mutation assay.

The purpose of the study with SPS was to establish the potential to induce gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium: TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538, using Salmonella/Mammalian-Microsome plate incorporation mutagenicity Assay (Ames test), performed according to FIFRA Guideline 84-1. Disodium persulfate was tested at five dose levels ranging from 100 to 10000 µg/plate. The dose levels were based on a preliminary toxicity test. The assay was conducted in the presence and absence of metabolic activation by Aroclor 1254 induced rat liver microsomes (S9 Mix). Revertant colonies were counted. During the tests positive and negative controls were run concurrently. The reference mutagens (sodium azide, 9 -aminoacridine, 2 -nitrofluorene, 2 -anthramine) showed a distinct increase of induced relevant colonies. Results with the test substance showed that disodium persulfate did not cause a positive response in any of the tester strains with or without metabolic activation. Therefore, disodium persulfate was considered non-mutagenic in this bacterial reverse mutation assay.

In conclusion, all available strains showed negative results when tested with one of the available persulfates KPS or SPS.

unscheduled DNA synthesis

Disodium persulfate was additionally tested in the rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. The test substance was tested at eight dose levels ranging from 1.5 to 500 µg/mL and was fully evaluated at five dose levels of 5.0, 15, 50, 150 and 250 µg/mL. In this study the positive control, 7,12 -Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), induced significant increases in the mean number of net nuclear grain counts over that in the solvent control. All criteria for a valid test were met. The results of the UDS assay indicated that under the test conditions, disodium persulfate did not cause a significant increase in the unscheduled DNA synthesis as measured by the mean number of net nuclear grain counts (i.e., an increase of at least 5 counts over the solvent control), at any dose level. Thus, the test substance was considered not mutagenic.

 

Genetic toxicity in vivo

In the mouse micronucleus assay, male and female ICR mice were exposed to 85, 169 or 338 mg/kg of disodium persulfate which was administered at a constant rate of 10 mL/kg as a single IP injection. The high dose level was calculated to be 80 % of the LD50. Bone marrow cells, collected 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment and were examined microscopically for micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.

A reduction in the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes was observed in female mice at 72 hours after administration of 169 mg/kg and in male and female mice at 72 hours after administration of 338 mg/kg, indicated that the test substance did induce bone marrow toxicity.

No significant increases in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed at 24, 48 or 72 hours after dose administration in males or females. The results of the assay indicated that under the conditions described disodium persulfate did not induce a significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in male or female ICR mice. Disodium persulfate was concluded to be negative in the mouse micronucleus assay. Thus, disodium persulfate was considered to be not clastogenic.

 

Disodium persulfate was additionally tested in the in vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. The test substance was administered to the animals via oral gavage at three dose levels of 41, 164 and 820 mg/kg bw. The hepatocytes were harvested 2 - 4 and 12 - 18 hours after administration of the test substance.

The results of the in vivo/in vitro UDS assay indicated that under the test conditions, the test substance did not cause a significant increase in the mean net nuclear grain counts (i.e., an increase of at least 5 counts over the vehicle control) in hepatocytes isolated from treated animals (a negative result). Therefore, disodium persulfate was considered not mutagenic.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the results obtained, substances of the Persulfate Category were not classified and labelled for genetic toxicity according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, as amended for the fifteenth time in Regulation (EU) 2020/1182.