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Ecotoxicological information

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

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Endpoint:
toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Type of information:
migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Study period:
2010-01-18 till 2010-07-22
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: GLP guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
Deviating to SOP 2030-7000806-01 but in accordance with the guideline the cell density at test start was 5000 cells/mL. Deviating to SOP 00194 V.1only one single analytical determination was carried out.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
Deviating to SOP 2030-7000806-01 but in accordance with the guideline the cell density at test start was 5000 cells/mL. Deviating to SOP 00194 V.1only one single analytical determination was carried out.
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The purpose of this method was to determine those concentrations which caused a 10 % and a 50 % adverse effect (= EC 10, EC 50) or, if conducted as a limit test, to determine the adverse effects at a maximum test concentration of 100 mg/L or at the limit of water solubility, respectively. Effect data are expressed on the basis of yield [y] and growth rate [r].
In the main test, the algae were exposed to the test item added to water at a range of concentrations for a period of 72 hours. Defined concentrations of the test item led to a certain inhibition of algal yield and growth rate at the end of the 72 hour study period. Cell densities were recorded at 24 hourintervals. The 72 hour EC 10 and EC 50 (based on both, yield [y] and growth rate [r]), were calculated by probit analysis.
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
4-Hydroxydiphenylamine is the main hydrolysis product of the PPD.
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
Stability of test concentrations during exposure: Examined by chemical analysis (HPLC) at 0 and 72 hours.
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
Pre-treatment of the test item
A stock solution was prepared to give the desired series of test concentrations. To achieve this 125.0 mg of the test item were added to 1 litre of dilution water and treated for 1 h in an ultrasonic bath and afterwards stirred for 24 h on a magnetic stirrer. Finally undissolved particles of the test item were removed by filtration using a folded filter of pore size 7-12 µm. The pH was measured to be pH 7.8.
To produce the different test item concentrations the prepared stock solution was diluted with dilution water to a volume of 100 mL/replicate. Afterwards 0.602 mL of algal inoculum were added resulting in the final cell density of 5000 cells/mL. For each test item concentration and for the control 3 replicates were prepared.

Growth medium (OECD medium of OECD TG 201, annex 1) was used for the growth of algae in the pre-cultures and the preparation of stock and testsolutions of the test item.
Test organisms (species):
Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
Details on test organisms:
Name: Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly Scene-desmus subspicatus) Strain No. 86.81 SAG
Source : Strain of the test species obtained from 'The Collection of Algal Cultures' of the Institute of Plant Physiology at the University of Göttingen, Germany
Maintenance and Acclimatisation:
Exponentially-growing stock cultures were maintained in the test facility under constant temperature conditions (21-24 °C with a maximum fluctuation of +/- 2 °C) at a light intensity in the range 60 – 120 µE. x m-2 x s-1 (measured in the range 400 to 700 nm using a spherical quantum flux meter). The growth medium (according to BRINGMANN & KÜHN (1977) was renewed once a week. Cell density measurements were made using amicrocell- counter, Sysmex F300, Digitana.

Preparation of pre-cultures:
Pre-cultures were set up three days before the start of a test. They were grown under identical exposure conditions as the stock cultures, except from the use of a different growth medium.

Test cultures:
The algal inocula for a test were taken from an exponentially-growing pre-culture and were mixed with the growth medium to make up to a final cell density of about 5000 cells per millilitre in the test medium.

Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
yes
Total exposure duration:
72 h
Hardness:
1.3 °dH (22.5 mg/L CaCO3)
Test temperature:
21 - 24 °C
pH:
7.6 - 8.0
Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: control and 100 mg/L
- measured: 0.0.34 mg/L and 68.9 - 97.3 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
A range-finding (non-GLP) test preceded the main test and provided information about the range of concentrations which were used in the main test.
The following nominal concentrations of the test item were tested in the range-finding test: 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L.
- Test vessels: 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with cotton stoppers
- Culturing apparatus: Light chamber in which a temperature in the range 21 °C to 24 °C was maintained at +/- 2 °C, and continuous uniform illumination was provided in the spectral range 400 to 700 nm. Temperature was measured and recorded daily in a water filled flask which was incubated under the same conditions as the test flasks.
- Light intensity: At the average of the test solutions, a light intensity in the range 60 to 120 µE. x m-2 x s-1, or an equivalent range of 4000 to 8000 lx, was used. Light intensity was checked before start of the study.
- Cell density measurements: Cell densities were measured in a microcell counter (Sysmex F300, Digitana) by taking small aliquots from each test flask for measurements, which were not replaced.
- Experimental design: 7 test concentrations plus 1 control, 3 replicates per concentration, 3 replicates per control, Initial cell density in the test cultures approximately 5000 cells per millilitre
- Test item concentration/s: 0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L
- Method of administration: stock solution
- Duration of exposure: 72 hours
- Criteria of effects: The criteria of adverse effects used in this study were the item-induced inhibition of yield [y] and growth rate [r], respectively, of the algal population.
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
other: ErC50
Effect conc.:
2.6 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (geom. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: 95% CL: 1.3-4.8 mg/L
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
other: ErC10
Effect conc.:
0.58 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (geom. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: 95% CL: 0.041-1.2 mg/L
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
0.23 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (geom. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: Not determinable due to mathematical reasons.
Details on results:
The results are expressed in terms of geometric mean measured concentrations.
Effective concentrations ranged from 93.6-100.6 % of nominal values at 0 hours, and from 34.0-86.5 % of nominal values at 72 hours, respectively
Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Remarks:
see conclusions
Conclusions:
The following validity criteria of the test were met:
The cell density in the control cultures increased by a factor of at least 16 within 72 hours. The test period may be shortened to at least 48 hours to maintain unlimited, exponential growth during the test as long as the minimum multiplication factor of 16 is reached.
According to an update of OECD TG 201 (2006), the mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates (days 0-1, 1-2 and 2-3, for 72-hour tests) in the control cultures must not exceed 35 %. The coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during the whole test period in replicate control cultures must not exceed 7 %.
Validity of the test:
According to OECD 201, the factor of the biomass parameter, measured in the control between 0 and 72 h, must be at least 16.
With the current test it was found to be 120.0. The test fulfills this validity criterion.
Evaluation of the section-by-section growth rates:
Arithmetic means of the control replicates from 0 h to 72 h were: Replicate 1: 1.596; Replicate 2: 1.617; Replicate 3: 1.573. [1/d].
Coefficients of variation in control replicates from 0 to 72 h were:
Replicate 1: 30.3 %; Replicate 2: 24.7 %; Replicate 3: 20.5 %.
The mean of the replicate coefficients of variation in the section-by-section growth rate was: 25.2 %.
According to OECD 201, the mean coefficient of variation, measured in the control from 0 to 72 h, must not be higher than 35 %. The test fulfills this validity criterion.
The coefficient of variation of the mean specific growth rate replicates in the control between 0 and 72 h was: 1.4% .
According to OECD 201, the coefficient of variation of the mean specific growth rate, measured in the control from 0 to 72 h, must not exceed 7 %. The test fulfills this validity criterion.
Executive summary:

The acute toxicity of 4 -Hydroxydiphenylamine to alga (Desmodesmus subspicatus former name: Scenedesmus subspicatus) was tested according to OECD guideline 201 ' Alga, Growth Inhibition Test' (2006). During 72 hours exposure an ErC50 of 2.6 mg/L and ErC10 of 0.58 mg/L was measured and a NOEC of 0.23 mg/L was calculated (Currenta, 2010).

Endpoint:
toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Data from peer-reviewed handbook or collection of data
Principles of method if other than guideline:
no data
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
not specified
Vehicle:
not specified
Test organisms (species):
Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
Test type:
not specified
Water media type:
freshwater
Total exposure duration:
72 h
Reference substance (positive control):
not specified
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
0.335 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
not specified
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not specified
Executive summary:

In a 72 h study, the toxicity of hydroquinone to Selenastrum capricornutum was determined to be 0.335 mg/L (no details reported).

Description of key information

An algal growth inhibition study following OECD 201 was conducted with 4 -HDPA, the primary hydrolysis product for 7ppd.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

EC50 for freshwater algae:
0.26 mg/L
EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
0.23 mg/L

Additional information