Propylene dinonanoate

Repeated dose toxicity: oral

Administrative data

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

29 Nov 2005 - 28 Apr 2006

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Remarks:

No neurobehavioural examinations.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2006

Report date:

2006

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)

Version / remarks:

adopted in 1995

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

no neurobehavioural examinations

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)

Version / remarks:

adopted in 2008

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

no endocrine disruptor endpoints addressed

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Reference substance 001

Cas Number:

85883-73-4

Test material form:

liquid

Remarks:

colourless

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA
- Age at study initiation: approximately 7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 216 - 250 g (males) and 163 - 196 g (females)
- Housing: animals were housed individually in clean, stainless steel, wire-mesh cages suspended above cage-board
- Diet: certified Rodent LabDiet 5002 (meal) (PMI Nutrition International, LLC), ad libitum
- Water: municipal water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 14 days


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 3
- Humidity (%): 50 ± 20
- Air changes (per hr): 10
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test article was administered neat. The dose volumes used to obtain the desired dose levels were based on the specific gravity of the test article (0.9450) at approximately 20°C.
The test and control articles were warmed to room temperature prior to administration and stirred continuously throughout the preparation and dose administration procedures.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

28 days

Frequency of treatment:

once daily, 7 days/week

Doses / concentrations

Doses / concentrations 1

Dose / conc.:

500 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Doses / concentrations 2

Dose / conc.:

1 500 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Doses / concentrations 3

Dose / conc.:

2 500 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10 (treatment groups 1-4, toxicology groups)
3 (toxicokinetic group 1A)
9 (toxicokinetic groups 2A-4A)

Control animals:

other: Yes, water at the highest dosage volume (2.65 mL/kg)

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
- Cage side observations checked: mortality, moribundity, clinical signs

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly, beginning 1 week prior to test article administration and prior to the scheduled necrosy

BODY WEIGHT: Yes, mean body weights and mean body weight changes
- Time schedule for examinations: at least weekly

FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes, g/animal/day
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: prior to the initiation of dose administration and near the end of the treatment period
- Dose groups that were examined: toxicology groups

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at the scheduled necropsy
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes, blood was collected for haematology and serum chemistry evaluations prior to necropsy from a retro-orbital sinus from animals anesthetised with isoflurane and from the vena cava from animals anesthetised with carbon dioxide for coagulation evaluations
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: toxicology groups
- Parameters checked: total leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, reticulocyte count percent and absolute, differential leukocyte count -percent and absolute -neutrophil -lymphocyte -monocyte -eosinophil -basophil -large unstained cell

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at the scheduled necropsy
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: toxicology groups
- Parameters checked: albumin, total protein, globulin [by calculation], albumin/globulin ratio [by calculation], total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, total cholesterol, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, triglycerides

URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: at the scheduled necropsy
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- Parameters checked: specific gravity, pH, total volume, colour, clarity, protein, glucose, urobilinogen, ketones, bilirubin, occult blood, leukocytes, microscopy of sediment

TOXICOKINETICS: No
- Since there were no adverse effects at the high-dose level and no differences between clinical findings in the low- and high-dose levels, determination of plasma drug levels was not considered necessary.

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, on all animals. The necropsies included, but were not limited to, examination of the external surface, all orifices, and the cranial, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, including viscera.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, microscopic examination was performed on gross lesions from all animals and on all tissues listed below from all animals in the control and 2500 mg/kg/day groups at the scheduled necropsy:
adrenal glands (2), aorta, bone with marrow, femur, sternum, bone marrow smear, brain, cerebrum level 1, cerebrum level 2, cerebellum with medulla/pons, epididymides, exorbital lacrimal glands (2), eyes with optic nerve (2), gastrointestinal tract, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, harderian glands (2), heart, kidneys (2), liver (sections of 2 lobes), lungs (including bronchi, fixed by inflation with fixative), lymph nodes, mandibular (2), mesenteric, mammary glands (females only), ovaries with oviducts (2), pancreas, peripheral nerve (sciatic), pituitary, prostate, salivary glands, [submandibular (2)], seminal vesicles (2), skeletal muscle (rectus femoris), skin, spinal cord (cervical, midthoracic, lumbar), spleen, testes (2), thymus, thyroid [with parathyroids(2)], tongue, trachea, urinary bladder (inflated with fixative), uterus with cervix, vagina, all gross lesions

Other examinations:

The following organs were weighed from all animals at the scheduled necropsy: adrenal glands, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, ovaries with oviducts, pituitary, prostate, spleen, testes, thymus, thyroid with parathyroids, uterus, paired organs were weighed together

Statistics:

Body weight, body weight change, food consumption, clinical pathology and organ weight data were subjected to a parametric 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980) to determine intergroup differences. If the ANOVA revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) intergroup variance, Dunnett's test (Dunnett, 1964) was used to compare the test article-treated groups to the control group.

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Test article-related clinical observations were noted in the 500, 1500 and 2500 mg/kg/day groups. These findings consisted of evidence of excessive salivation including clear material noted around the mouth and yellow or red material around the mouth and nose and on the forelimbs, hind limbs, ventral neck and ventral trunk. In general, the males and females within each test article-treated group were equally affected with the highest incidence for these findings occurring in the 2500 mg/kg/day group. In the absence of associated test article-related effects on body weight parameters and food consumption, the test article-related clinical observations noted at 500, 1500 and 2500 mg/kg/day were not considered adverse.

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Body weights were unaffected by test article administration.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Statistically significant lower mean food consumption was noted in the 2500 mg/kg/day group (males) during study Week 3 to 4 when compared to the control group. Because there were no other remarkable changes in food consumption for this group over the course of the dosing period and no concurrent effects on body weights were observed, the lower food consumption was not considered to be test article-related.

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No ophthalmic lesions indicative of toxicity were observed.

Haematological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean white blood cell counts and absolute lymphocyte counts were slightly, but statistically significantly higher in the 1500 and 2500 mg/kg/day group in male animals when compared to the control group. Because similar trends were not observed in females, the counts were within the historical control data range and no microscopic correlates were noted, the elevated white blood cell and lymphocyte counts in males were not considered to be test article-related.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean triglyceride levels were slightly, but statistically significantly higher in the 1500 and 2500 mg/kg/day group in male animals, and mean phosphorus levels were slightly, but statistically significantly higher in all test article-treated female groups when compared to the control group. Triglyceride levels were not significantly increased in females and phosphorus levels were not significantly elevated in males at corresponding doses. Furthermore, triglyceride and phosphorus levels were within the historical control data range. Non-concordance of serum chemistry changes in the opposite sex along with the absence of microscopic correlates indicated that the mean triglyceride and phosphorus differences from the control group means were not test article-related. In addition, statistically significantly lower mean alkaline phosphatase in the 1500 mg/kg/day group males and mean alanine aminotransferase in the 2500 mg/kg/day group males were observed compared to the control group. These lower values were not attributed to the test article because toxic insult almost invariably results in increased serum aminotransferase levels rather than reduced values.

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Urinalysis parameters were unaffected by test article administration.

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean absolute thyroid/parathyroid weight in the 2500 mg/kg/day group females was slightly, but statistically significantly, lower than the control group value (-19.8% change in comparison to the control group). Because a similar trend was not observed in males, the weight was within the historical control data range and there were no microscopic correlates, this lower thyroid/parathyroid weight in the 2500 mg/kg/day group females was not considered to be test article-related.

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test article-related macroscopic findings.

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test article-related microscopic findings. All findings were considered to represent common, spontaneous alterations in laboratory rats or minor changes associated with necropsy artefact or gavage procedures.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Effect levels

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

>= 2 500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: no adverse effects observed

Target system / organ toxicity

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1. Results of haematology (males).

Parameter	Dose group [mg/kg bw/day]
	0	500	1500	2500
Leukocytes,Week 4 (1000/µL) Mean % change S.D. N	9.92   1.909 10	12.36 24.6 1.854 10	13.12** 32.3 2.614 10	12.71* 28.1 2.479 10
Lymphocytes absolute, Week 4 (1000/µL) Mean % change S.D. N	8.10   1.892 10	10.43 28.8 1.968 10	11.05* 36.4 2.559 10	10.88* 34.3 2.110 10

*: Significantly different from the control group at 0.05 using Dunnett´s test.

**: Significantly different from the control group at 0.01 using Dunnett´s test.

Table 2. Results of clinical chemistry (males).

Parameter	Dose group [mg/kg bw/day]
	0	500	1500	2500
Alkaline phosphatase,Week 4 (U/L) Mean % change S.D. N	208   47.7 10	189 -9.1 36.7 10	163* -21.6 29.8 10	173 -16.8 29.1 10
Alanine transferase, Week 4 (U/L) Mean % change S.D. N	48   5.8 10	44 -8.3 5.7 10	41 -14.6 6.3 10	40* -16.7 7.9 10
Triglycerides, Week 4 (U/L) Mean % change S.D. N	50   11.3 10	52 4.0 9.1 10	68** 36.0 16.0 10	66* 32.0 11.4 10

*: Significantly different from the control group at 0.05 using Dunnett´s test.

**: Significantly different from the control group at 0.01 using Dunnett´s test.

Table 3. Results of clinical chemistry (females).

Parameter	Dose group [mg/kg bw/day]
	0	500	1500	2500
Phosphorus,Week 4 (mg/100 mL) Mean % change S.D. N	7.2   0.57 10	8.2* 13.9 1.01 10	8.4* 16.7 0.78 10	8.6** 19.4 1.16 10

*: Significantly different from the control group at 0.05 using Dunnett´s test.

**: Significantly different from the control group at 0.01 using Dunnett´s test.