Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 233-162-8 | CAS number: 10049-04-4
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
No data available for Chlorine dioxide. However, Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an unstable gas which must be stabilized with water. After skin contact, the ClO2 in aqueous solution is rapidly reduced in chlorite and chloride (see § 7.1). Therefore, it is considered as relevant to use the structurally close metabolite, sodium chlorite, to evaluate the sensitising potential of ClO2 according to a read-across approach.
Cross reading to valid animal studies with Sodium chlorite do not indicate sensitising properties: Guinea Pig Maximisation test, OECD 406, 2002, K, RS, rel.2.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin sensitisation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- See the RAAF document.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Positive control results:
- No data
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- test chemical
- Dose level:
- 1% (0.31% of sodium chlorite)
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 20
- Clinical observations:
- No cutaneous reactions were observed.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 1st reading. . Hours after challenge: 24.0. Group: test group. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 20.0. Clinical observations: No cutaneous reactions were observed..
- Reading:
- 2nd reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 48
- Group:
- test chemical
- Dose level:
- 1% (0.31% of sodium chlorite)
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 20
- Clinical observations:
- No cutaneous reactions were observed.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 2nd reading. . Hours after challenge: 48.0. Group: test group. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 20.0. Clinical observations: No cutaneous reactions were observed..
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- negative control
- Dose level:
- 100% vehicle
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 1st reading. . Hours after challenge: 24.0. Group: negative control. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Reading:
- 2nd reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 48
- Group:
- negative control
- Dose level:
- 100% vehicle
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 2nd reading. . Hours after challenge: 48.0. Group: negative control. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- positive control
- Dose level:
- 5%
- No. with + reactions:
- 10
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 1st reading. . Hours after challenge: 24.0. Group: positive control. No with. + reactions: 10.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Reading:
- 2nd reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 48
- Group:
- positive control
- Dose level:
- 5%
- No. with + reactions:
- 10
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 2nd reading. . Hours after challenge: 48.0. Group: positive control. No with. + reactions: 10.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- No delayed contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was observed.
- Executive summary:
In a skin sensitisation study, Sodium chlorite 31% solution at the concentration of 1% was administered to guinea pigs by intradermal injections. This study was performed according to OECD 406 and in compliance with the Good Laboratory Practice.
It is considered as relevant to use the structurally close metabolite, sodium chlorite, to evaluate the sensitising potential of the chlorine dioxide according to a read-across approach. In fact, the chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an unstable gas which must be stabilized with water. After skin contact, the ClO2 in solution is rapidly reduced in chlorite and chloride (see § 7.1).
Intradermal injections of Sodium chlorite were performed on day 1 at the concentration of 0.1% (w/w) in 0.9% NaCl, concentration which causes moderate irritant effect but no necrosis or ulceration of the skin. Topical application of Sodium chlorite was performed on day 8 at the concentration of 5% (w/w) in 0.9% NaCl, concentration which causes weak skin reactions.
For all groups of animals (negative and positive control groups and test substance group, challenge was performed on day 22 by a topical application of Sodium chlorite at the concentration of 1% (w/w) in 0.9% NaCl, i.e. the highest concentration which does not cause irritant effect.
The animals were observed at least once a day during the study in order to check for clinical signs and mortality
No clinical signs and no death were noted during the study. No cutaneous reactions (erythema or edema) were observed after the challenge application.
The Sodium chlorite 31% solution at the concentration of 1% (i.e. 0.31% sodium chlorite) does not induce delayed contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Therefore, at concentrations where skin irritation/corrosion is not observed, the chlorine dioxide is not considered as a skin sensitiser according to a read-across approach with the sodium chlorite.
Under the test conditions, the chlorine dioxide is not classified as skin sensitiser according to the criteria of the Annex VI to the Regulation (EC) n° 1272/2008.
This skin sensitisation study is classified as acceptable. It does satisfy with the guidelines requirements for a skin sensitisation study (OECD 406) in the guinea pigs.
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 2001-11-29 to 2002-04-10
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an unstable gas which must be stabilized with water. After skin contact, the ClO2 in aqueous solution is rapidly reduced in chlorite and chloride (see § 7.1). Therefore, it is considered as relevant to use the structurally close metabolite, sodium chlorite, to evaluate the sensitising potential of ClO2 according to a read-across approach.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation)
- Version / remarks:
- and EU Method B.6 (Skin Sensitisation)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of study:
- guinea pig maximisation test
- Justification for non-LLNA method:
- Test was performed in 2002. LLNA method (OECD 442 B) was adopted in 2010 and also the (OECD tests n°442 C , D) was adopted in 2015.
- Species:
- guinea pig
- Strain:
- Hartley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Saint-Aubin-les-Elbeuf, France.
- Age at study initiation: 1 – 3 months old
- Weight at study initiation: Mean body weight males: 380 ± 31 g; females: 355 ± 13 g.
- Housing: housed individually in polycarbonate cages with stainless steel lid (48 cm x 27 cm x 20 cm)
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days before the beginning of the study.
-other: sex: Male and female (nulliparous and non-pregnant)
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22° ± 2°C
- Humidity (%): 30 to 70%
- Air changes (per hr): approximately 12 cycles/hour of filtered, non-recycled air
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12h dark / 12h light
IN-LIFE DATES: no data - Route:
- intradermal and epicutaneous
- Vehicle:
- water
- Concentration / amount:
- Concentrations used for induction:
- intradermal injections (day 1): 0.031 % sodium chlorite (i.e. a 0.1 % solution of a 31 % solution of sodium chlorite)
- topical application (day 8): 1.55% sodium chlorite
Concentrations used for challenge:
- 0.31 % sodium chlorite (i.e. a 1 % solution of a 31 % solution of sodium chlorite) - Route:
- epicutaneous, occlusive
- Vehicle:
- water
- Concentration / amount:
- Concentrations used for induction:
- intradermal injections (day 1): 0.031 % sodium chlorite (i.e. a 0.1 % solution of a 31 % solution of sodium chlorite)
- topical application (day 8): 1.55% sodium chlorite
Concentrations used for challenge:
- 0.31 % sodium chlorite (i.e. a 1 % solution of a 31 % solution of sodium chlorite) - No. of animals per dose:
- Thirty guinea pigs were allocated to two groups: a control group of five males and five females and a treated group of ten males and ten females.
- Details on study design:
- RANGE-FINDING TESTS:
A preliminary test was conducted in order to determine the concentrations to be tested in the main study.
By intradermal route (tested concentrations: 5%, 1% and 0.1% (w/w), i.e. 1.55%, 0.31% and 0.031% sodium chlorite):
- 24 hours before treatment, the dorsal region of the animals was clipped,
- intradermal injections of the dosage form preparations (0.1 mL) were performed in the interscapular region,
- cutaneous reactions were evaluated approximately 24, 48 hours and 6 days after the injections.
By cutaneous route (tested concentrations: 100%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% (w/w), i.e. 31%, 15.5%, 3.1%, 1.55%, 0.31% and 0.155% sodium chlorite):
- 24 hours before treatment, both flanks of the animals were clipped and shaved,
- the filter paper of a chamber (Finn Chamber) was fully-loaded with a dosage form preparation. The chamber was then applied to the clipped area of the skin (one concentration per flank). The chamber was held in place by means of an occlusive dressing for 24 hours,
- cutaneous reactions were evaluated 24 and 48 hours after removal of the dressings.
In order to respect the criteria for the selection of concentrations (the concentration should be well-tolerated systemically and locally, intradermal injections should cause moderate irritant effect but no necrosis or ulceration of the skin), concentration chosen for the main study was 0.1% (w/w) (i.e. 0.031% sodium chlorite).
In order to respect the criteria for the selection of concentrations (the concentrations should be well-tolerated systemically and locally, cutaneous application for the induction should cause at most weak or moderate skin reactions or be the maximal practicable concentration, cutaneous application for the challenge phase should be the highest concentration which does not cause irritant effect), concentration chosen for the topical application of the induction phase (day 8) was 5% (w/w) (i.e. 1.55% sodium chlorite). For the challenge application (day 22), it was 1% (w/w) (i.e. 0.31% sodium chlorite).
MAIN STUDY:
- INDUCTION SCHEDULE:
Intradermal route:
Day 1: six injections were made into the dermis of a 4 cm x 2 cm clipped interscapular area using a needle (0.50 x 16 mm diameter). Three injections of 0.1 mL were made into each side of this interscapsular region.
Cutaneous route:
As the test item was shown to be irritant during the preliminary test, a topical application with sodium lauryl sulphate was not necessary on day 7.
Day 8: a pad of filter paper (~8 cm2) was fully loaded with the test item at the concentration of 5% (w/w) (i.e. 1.55% sodium chlorite) and was then applied to the interscapular region of the animal of the treated group. The pad was held in place for 48 h.
- CHALLENGE SCHEDULE
On day 22, the animals received an application of the test item and vehicle. The filter paper of a chamber (Finn Chamber®) was fully loaded with the test item at the concentration of 1% (w/w) (i.e. 0.31% sodium chlorite) and was then applied to the clipped area of the skin of the posterior right flank. The vehicle was applied to the posterior left flank. The chambers were held in contact with the skin for 24 h by means of an adhesive allergenic waterproof plaster. - Challenge controls:
- 5 animals/sex were used as control animals and were treated with water.
- Positive control substance(s):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Mercaptobenzothiazole (as a separate study)
- Positive control results:
- No data
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- test chemical
- Dose level:
- 1 % (0.31% of sodium chlorite)
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 20
- Clinical observations:
- No cutaneous reactions were observed.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 1st reading. . Hours after challenge: 24.0. Group: test group. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 20.0. Clinical observations: No cutaneous reactions were observed..
- Reading:
- 2nd reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 48
- Group:
- test chemical
- Dose level:
- 1 % (0.31% of sodium chlorite)
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 20
- Clinical observations:
- No cutaneous reactions were observed.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 2nd reading. . Hours after challenge: 48.0. Group: test group. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 20.0. Clinical observations: No cutaneous reactions were observed..
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- negative control
- Dose level:
- 100% vehicle
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 1st reading. . Hours after challenge: 24.0. Group: negative control. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Reading:
- 2nd reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 48
- Group:
- negative control
- Dose level:
- 100% vehicle
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 2nd reading. . Hours after challenge: 48.0. Group: negative control. No with. + reactions: 0.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- positive control
- Dose level:
- 5%
- No. with + reactions:
- 10
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 1st reading. . Hours after challenge: 24.0. Group: positive control. No with. + reactions: 10.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Reading:
- 2nd reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 48
- Group:
- positive control
- Dose level:
- 5%
- No. with + reactions:
- 10
- Total no. in group:
- 10
- Remarks on result:
- other: Reading: 2nd reading. . Hours after challenge: 48.0. Group: positive control. No with. + reactions: 10.0. Total no. in groups: 10.0.
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- No delayed contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was observed.
- Executive summary:
In a skin sensitisation study, Sodium chlorite 31% solution at the concentration of 1% was administered to guinea pigs by intradermal injections. This study was performed according to OECD 406 and in compliance with the Good Laboratory Practice.
It is considered as relevant to use the structurally close metabolite, sodium chlorite, to evaluate the sensitising potential of the chlorine dioxide according to a read-across approach. In fact, the chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an unstable gas which must be stabilized with water. After skin contact, the ClO2 in solution is rapidly reduced in chlorite and chloride (see § 7.1).
Intradermal injections of Sodium chlorite were performed on day 1 at the concentration of 0.1% (w/w) in 0.9% NaCl, concentration which causes moderate irritant effect but no necrosis or ulceration of the skin. Topical application of Sodium chlorite was performed on day 8 at the concentration of 5% (w/w) in 0.9% NaCl, concentration which causes weak skin reactions.
For all groups of animals (negative and positive control groups and test substance group, challenge was performed on day 22 by a topical application of Sodium chlorite at the concentration of 1% (w/w) in 0.9% NaCl, i.e. the highest concentration which does not cause irritant effect.
The animals were observed at least once a day during the study in order to check for clinical signs and mortality
No clinical signs and no death were noted during the study. No cutaneous reactions (erythema or edema) were observed after the challenge application.
The Sodium chlorite 31% solution at the concentration of 1% (i.e. 0.31% sodium chlorite) does not induce delayed contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Therefore, at concentrations where skin irritation/corrosion is not observed, the chlorine dioxide is not considered as a skin sensitiser according to a read-across approach with the sodium chlorite.
Under the test conditions, the chlorine dioxide is not classified as skin sensitiser according to the criteria of the Annex VI to the Regulation (EC) n° 1272/2008.
This skin sensitisation study is classified as acceptable. It does satisfy with the guidelines requirements for a skin sensitisation study (OECD 406) in the guinea pigs.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 7.4.1/1: Detailed information including induction/challenge/scoring schedule for skin sensitisation test Guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT) |
|||||||
Inductions |
GPMT |
Observations/Remarks |
|
||||
day of treatment |
application |
|
|||||
Induction A |
0 |
intradermal |
|
||||
Induction B |
0 |
topical |
|
||||
challenge |
22 |
topical |
|
||||
scoring 1 |
23 |
No reactions were observed |
|
||||
scoring 2 |
24 |
No reactions were observed |
|
||||
Table 7.4.1/2: Result of skin sensitisation test |
|||||||
Number of animals with signs of allergic reactions / |
|||||||
Negative control |
Test group |
Positive control |
|||||
scored after 24h |
0/10 |
0/20 |
10/10 |
||||
scored after 48h |
0/10 |
0/20 |
10/10 |
||||
Table 7.4.1/1: Detailed information including induction/challenge/scoring schedule for skin sensitisation test Guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT) |
|||||||
Inductions |
GPMT |
Observations/Remarks |
|
||||
day of treatment |
application |
|
|||||
Induction A |
0 |
intradermal |
|
||||
Induction B |
0 |
topical |
|
||||
challenge |
22 |
topical |
|
||||
scoring 1 |
23 |
No reactions were observed |
|
||||
scoring 2 |
24 |
No reactions were observed |
|
||||
Table 7.4.1/2: Result of skin sensitisation test |
|||||||
Number of animals with signs of allergic reactions / |
|||||||
Negative control |
Test group |
Positive control |
|||||
scored after 24h |
0/10 |
0/20 |
10/10 |
||||
scored after 48h |
0/10 |
0/20 |
10/10 |
||||
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not sensitising)
- Additional information:
In accordance with column 2 of REACH annex XIII, the skin sensitisation study (required in section 8.3) does not need to be conducted as the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin based on the acute oral toxicity study of Tos (1996).
However, at concentration where no or slight skin irritation is observed (up to 3% considering the specific limit of classification), the skin sensitisation potential of ClO2 has to be evaluated.
Hence, it is considered as relevant to use the structurally close metabolite, sodium chlorite, to evaluate the sensitising potential of chlorine dioxide according to a read-across approach. In fact, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an unstable gas which must be stabilized with water. After skin contact, the ClO2 in solution is rapidly reduced in chlorite and chloride (see § 7.1).
In a Magnusson & Kligman test, conducted according to the OECD guideline No. 406 and in compliance with GLP (Manciaux, 2002), Sodium chlorite is not a skin sensitiser.
Therefore, at concentrations where skin irritation/corrosion is not observed, chlorine dioxide is not considered as a skin sensitiser according to a read-across approach with the sodium chlorite.
Under the test conditions, chlorine dioxide is not classified as a skin sensitiser according to the Regulation 1272/2008.
Respiratory sensitisation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Justification for classification or non-classification
Harmonised classification:
The classification entered in the Annex VI to the CLP Regulation for Chlorine dioxide is not harmonised for the sensitisation category.
Self-classification:
In accordance with the available data on acute oral toxicity (Tos, 1996) and the column 2 of REACH annex XIII, the skin sensitisation study does not need to be conducted as the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin.
However, at concentration where no or slight skin irritation is observed (up to 3% considering the specific limit of classification), chlorine dioxide is not considered as a skin sensitiser according to a read-across approach with the sodium chlorite (structurally close metabolite).
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