Genipin

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Administrative data

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Justification for type of information:

Peer reviewed journal
Work performed for academic research and not done for regulatory purposes.
Not all method details are provided, such as water parameters.

Cross-reference

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reference

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

72 hours

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

Performed 2023 to guidelines with valid supporting chemistry

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Specified 99% pure

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

Samples of all test item concentrations and the control collected at exposure initiation and at exposure termination were chemically determined.

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

72 h

Hardness:

Use of approved OECD media.

Test temperature:

22.4 - 23.4 C

pH:

Approximately 7.5

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal 100.0, 33.3, 11.1, 3.7, and 1.23 mg/L plus the control
Geometric mean 82, 26, 7.9, 1.8 and 0.45, mg/L
In samples collected at exposure initiation, the determined concentrations were in the range of 99.2 – 102.2% of nominal concentration
In the samples collected at exposure termination, the determined concentrations were in the range of 13.1 – 68.5% of nominal concentration. This demonstrates instability and is consistent with the known rapid biodegradability.

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

3,5-dichlorophenol within same period of main study Valid

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

20 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (geom. mean)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

IC50

Effect conc.:

10 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (geom. mean)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

yield

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

IC50

Effect conc.:

26 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

IC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 13 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

yield

Details on results:

Measured figures to be considered more reliable in view of the low recovery in aged media

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Considered moderately harmful
In the samples collected at exposure termination, the determined concentrations were in the range of 13.1 – 68.5% of nominal concentration. This demonstrates instability and is consistent with the known rapid biodegradability.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Algal toxicity, accumulation and metabolic pathways of galaxolide

Author:

Tengda D. et al

Year:

2020

Bibliographic source:

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 384, 15 February 2020, 121360

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Performed as part of academic research and not precisely following regulatory guidance

GLP compliance:

not specified

Remarks:

Academic research

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylindeno[5,6-c]pyran

EC Number:

214-946-9

EC Name:

1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylindeno[5,6-c]pyran

Cas Number:

1222-05-5

Molecular formula:

C18H26O

IUPAC Name:

1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylindeno[5,6-c]pyran

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Specified 95% pure

Sampling and analysis

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

Details not provided

Test solutions

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Tested in concentrations up to limit of water solubility

Test organisms

Test organisms (species):

Scenedesmus quadricauda

Study design

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

72 h

Test conditions

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Results and discussion

Effect concentrations

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

IC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 0.336 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

cell number

Details on results:

Growth rates not specified

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Considered very toxic to aquatic organisms
It is noted that some of the read-across parameters are not met, with Galaxolide having a lower water solubility and higher Log Kow, but the observed high toxicity to invertebrates is typical of the class of substance and typical of many plant extracts of this type.