Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 235-120-4 | CAS number: 12070-08-5
Bioaccumulation: terrestrial
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0.001 dimensionless
- Basis:
- organ d.w.
- Remarks:
- leaves
- Calculation basis:
- other: after 54 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Brassica napus; Concentration in sediment: 3040 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration leaves: 2.4 mg Ti/kg dw.
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data.
- Metabolites:
- Not applicable.
- Details on results:
- - Total Ti content in sediment: 3040±210 mg/kg dw
- Ti in sediment interstitial water: < LOD (1µg/L)
- Ti concentration in leaves of Brassica napus: 2.4 mg/kg dw - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF value for Ti in leaves of Brassica napus is 0.0008.
- Executive summary:
Ti transfer to Brassica napus grown for 54 -d on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Ti content in the dredged sediment was 3040 ± 210 mg/kg dw. Additional Ti was not applied to the sediment.
After 54 days plant leaves were harvested, dried, finely ground, and analysed for Ti after digestion. The mean Ti level in Brassica napus leaves was 2.4 mg/kg dw. The corresponding BSAF is 0.0008.
This information is used in a read-across apprach in the assessment of the target substance. For justification of read-across please refer to the atached read-across report (see IUCLID section 13).
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0.001 dimensionless
- Basis:
- organ d.w.
- Remarks:
- leaves
- Calculation basis:
- other: after 54 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Brassica oleraccea; Concentration sediment: 3040 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration leaves: 2.0 mg Ti/kg dw.
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data.
- Metabolites:
- Not applicable.
- Details on results:
- - Total Ti content in sediment: 3040±210 mg/kg dw
- Ti in sediment interstitial water: < LOD (1µg/L)
- Ti concentration in leaves of Brassica oleraccea: 2.0 mg/kg dw - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF value for Ti in leaves of Brassica oleraccea is 0.00066.
- Executive summary:
Ti transfer to Brassica oleraccea grown for 54 -d on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Ti content in the dredged sediment was 3040 ± 210 mg/kg dw. Additional Ti was not applied to the sediment.
After 54 days plant leaves were harvested, dried, finely ground, and analysed for Ti after digestion. The mean Ti level in Brassica oleraccea leaves was 2.0 mg/kg dw. The corresponding BSAF is 0.00066.
This information is used in a read-across apprach in the assessment of the target substance. For justification of read-across please refer to the attached read-across (see IUCLID section 13).
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0 dimensionless
- Basis:
- organ d.w.
- Remarks:
- leaves
- Calculation basis:
- other: after 54 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Festuca rubra; Concentration in sediment: 3040 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration leaves: 0.7 mg Ti/kg dw.
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data.
- Metabolites:
- Not applicable.
- Details on results:
- - Total Ti content in sediment: 3040±210 mg/kg dw
- Ti in sediment interstitial water: < LOD (1µg/L)
- Ti concentration in leaves of Festuca rubra: 0.7 mg/kg dw - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF value for Ti in leaves of Festuca rubra is 0.0002.
- Executive summary:
Ti transfer to Festuca rubra grown for 54 -d on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Ti content in the dredged sediment was 3040 ± 210 mg/kg dw. Additional Ti was not applied to the sediment.
After 54 days plant leaves were harvested, dried, finely ground, and analysed for Ti after digestion. The mean Ti level in Festuca rubra leaves was 0.7 mg/kg dw. The corresponding BSAF is 0.0002.
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For justification of read-across please refer to the attached read-across report (see IUCLID section 13).
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0.16 dimensionless
- Basis:
- other: roots
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Concentration roots: 6.0 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration soil: 37.2 mg Ti/kg dw
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF derived for beach roots is 0.16 kg/kg.
- Executive summary:
The concentration of Ti in roots of Festuca sylvatica L. was put in relation to soil concentration (calculations were done on a dry mass basis). Soil and root samples were taken from a pristine sampling site in the South of Sweden that has been untouched by forestry or other mechanical disturbance since last ≥ 50 years. The BSAF derived for beach roots is 0.16 kg/kg.
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For justification of read-across please refer to the attached read-across report (see IUCLID section 13).
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: leaves
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-05 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 11.7 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: leaves
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-04 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 266 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: stems
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-06 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 2 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: stems
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-05 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 32.8 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: stems
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-04 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 58 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0.001 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: roots
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-05 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 766 µg/g (control: 165 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0.001 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: roots
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-04 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 2780 µg/g (control: 165 µg/g)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- When exposed to Ti in solution culture plants of Phaseolus vulgaris concentrated only low concentrations in tissues.
- Executive summary:
Bioconcentration of Ti in leaves, stems and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated in solution culture. The plants were exposed for a total of 21 days at Ti concentrations of 0, 10E-06 M, 10E-05 M, 10E-04 M with and without EDTA. After exposure plants were divided to leaves, stems, and roots, washed in 1/10 N HCl and deionized water, dried, and weighed. Tissue Ti conentrations were determnined by emission spectrography.
BCF results were calculated by deviding plant concentrations by Ti concentrations in solution. BCFs (without EDTA) range between 0.0000119 and 0.001126 L/kg. Highest Ti concentrations were determined in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris.
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For justification of read-across please refer to the attached read-across report (see IUCLID section 13).
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Study meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment. Justification for read-across: No data on the behavior of titanium carbide in the environment are available. Concentration data for titanium metal are appropriate for read-across for this endpoint as the soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Ti transfer to plants grown on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Total exposure duration was 54 days.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- SAMPLING OF SEDIMENT INTERSTITIAL WATER
- by means of a rhizon soil moisture sample (Eijekelkamp, Agrisearch Equipment, The Netherlands) that was installed in each pot:
* porous plastic, one end capped with nylon, attached to a 5 cm long polyethylene tube at the other end
* A PE syringe is attached for taking the samples
- weekly collecting 12 h after watering of pots to allow for equilibrium in the interstitial water (pots were watered daily)
PLANT TISSUE SAMPLES
- After 54-d of exposure, leaves were washed, dried at 25 °C and fienly ground - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Ti was not applied to the sediment samples. However, naturally occuring Ti levels in the dredged sediment were compared to plant level tissues after 54 days.
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Brassica napus
- Details on test organisms:
- Seeds from Gondian SA (54 district, France), stored at 4°C.
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 54 d
- Test temperature:
- 16-24 °C
- pH:
- 7.1±0.2
- Moisture:
- 80% water holding capacity
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): not reported; pots were lined with plastic bags to reduce
- Amount of soil or substrate: 0.5 kg per pot
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 20 Brassica napus seeds per pot
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 5
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT
- Geographical reference of sampling site: sediment dredged from a waterway in France, locationn not further specified
- Pre-treatment of sediment:
* homogenised after dredging and subsequent storage for 30 days in tanks with river water to maintian anoxic conditions and to minimise perturbation
* drying of seiment at 25 °C under a laminar hood
* Sieving to <2 mm
* 2.5 kg sediment sub-seamples were then treated with 250 ml of a fertilizer containing 1.67 g NH4NO3/L and 1.74 KH2PO4/L
* 3 week pre-incubation without seeds in the dark in growth chamber at 16-24 °C; moisture was maintained by daily watering
- % silt: 78.2
- Particle size fraction:
*< 2 µm (%): 12.9
* 2-20 µm: 54.3
* 20-50 µm: 25.2
*> 50 µm: 7.6
- Carbonate content: 17±0.9 % CaCO3
- CEC: 14.2±0.6 (cmol/kg dw)
- pH sediment (1:5 solid:liquid): 7.1±0.2
- Organic matter (%): 10±0.8
-C/N: 17±0.4
- Moisture (%): 80 of water holding capacity
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 h
- Light intensity: 500 µmol photons/m²s
- Grown in glasshouse - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Ti was not applied to the sediment samples. However, naturally occuring Ti levels in the dredged sediment were compared to plant level tissues after 54 days.
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0.001 dimensionless
- Basis:
- organ d.w.
- Remarks:
- leaves
- Calculation basis:
- other: after 54 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Brassica napus; Concentration in sediment: 3040 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration leaves: 2.4 mg Ti/kg dw.
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data.
- Metabolites:
- Not applicable.
- Details on results:
- - Total Ti content in sediment: 3040±210 mg/kg dw
- Ti in sediment interstitial water: < LOD (1µg/L)
- Ti concentration in leaves of Brassica napus: 2.4 mg/kg dw - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF value for Ti in leaves of Brassica napus is 0.0008.
- Executive summary:
Ti transfer to Brassica napus grown for 54 -d on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Ti content in the dredged sediment was 3040 ± 210 mg/kg dw. Additional Ti was not applied to the sediment.
After 54 days plant leaves were harvested, dried, finely ground, and analysed for Ti after digestion. The mean Ti level in Brassica napus leaves was 2.4 mg/kg dw. The corresponding BSAF is 0.0008.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Study meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment. Justification for read-across: No data on the behavior of titanium carbide in the environment are available. Concentration data for titanium metal are appropriate for read-across for this endpoint as the soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Ti transfer to plants grown on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Total exposure duration was 54 days.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- SAMPLING OF SEDIMENT INTERSTITIAL WATER
- by means of a rhizon soil moisture sample (Eijekelkamp, Agrisearch Equipment, The Netherlands) that was installed in each pot:
* porous plastic, one end capped with nylon, attached to a 5 cm long polyethylene tube at the other end
* A PE syringe is attached for taking the samples
- weekly collecting 12 h after watering of pots to allow for equilibrium in the interstitial water (pots were watered daily)
PLANT TISSUE SAMPLES
- After 54-d of exposure, leaves were washed, dried at 25 °C and fienly ground - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Ti was not applied to the sediment samples. However, naturally occuring Ti levels in the dredged sediment were compared to plant level tissues after 54 days.
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Brassica oleraccea
- Details on test organisms:
- Seeds from RAGT (54 district, France), stored at 4°C.
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 54 d
- Test temperature:
- 16-24 °C
- pH:
- 7.1±0.2
- Moisture:
- 80% water holding capacity
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): not reported; pots were lined with plastic bags to reduce
- Amount of soil or substrate: 0.5 kg per pot
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 20 Brassica oleraccea seeds per pot
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 5
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT
- Geographical reference of sampling site: sediment dredged from a waterway in France, locationn not further specified
- Pre-treatment of sediment:
* homogenised after dredging and subsequent storage for 30 days in tanks with river water to maintian anoxic conditions and to minimise perturbation
* drying of seiment at 25 °C under a laminar hood
* Sieving to <2 mm
* 2.5 kg sediment sub-seamples were then treated with 250 ml of a fertilizer containing 1.67 g NH4NO3/L and 1.74 KH2PO4/L
* 3 week pre-incubation without seeds in the dark in growth chamber at 16-24 °C; moisture was maintained by daily watering
- % silt: 78.2
- Particle size fraction:
*< 2 µm (%): 12.9
* 2-20 µm: 54.3
* 20-50 µm: 25.2
*> 50 µm: 7.6
- Carbonate content: 17±0.9 % CaCO3
- CEC: 14.2±0.6 (cmol/kg dw)
- pH sediment (1:5 solid:liquid): 7.1±0.2
- Organic matter (%): 10±0.8
-C/N: 17±0.4
- Moisture (%): 80 of water holding capacity
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 h
- Light intensity: 500 µmol photons/m²s
- Grown in glasshouse - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Ti was not applied to the sediment samples. However, naturally occuring Ti levels in the dredged sediment were compared to plant level tissues after 54 days.
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0.001 dimensionless
- Basis:
- organ d.w.
- Remarks:
- leaves
- Calculation basis:
- other: after 54 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Brassica oleraccea; Concentration sediment: 3040 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration leaves: 2.0 mg Ti/kg dw.
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data.
- Metabolites:
- Not applicable.
- Details on results:
- - Total Ti content in sediment: 3040±210 mg/kg dw
- Ti in sediment interstitial water: < LOD (1µg/L)
- Ti concentration in leaves of Brassica oleraccea: 2.0 mg/kg dw - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF value for Ti in leaves of Brassica oleraccea is 0.00066.
- Executive summary:
Ti transfer to Brassica oleraccea grown for 54 -d on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Ti content in the dredged sediment was 3040 ± 210 mg/kg dw. Additional Ti was not applied to the sediment.
After 54 days plant leaves were harvested, dried, finely ground, and analysed for Ti after digestion. The mean Ti level in Brassica oleraccea leaves was 2.0 mg/kg dw. The corresponding BSAF is 0.00066.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Study meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment. Justification for read-across: No data on the behavior of titanium carbide in the environment are available. Concentration data for titanium metal are appropriate for read-across for this endpoint as the soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Ti transfer to plants grown on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Total exposure duration was 54 days.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- SAMPLING OF SEDIMENT INTERSTITIAL WATER
- by means of a rhizon soil moisture sample (Eijekelkamp, Agrisearch Equipment, The Netherlands) that was installed in each pot:
* porous plastic, one end capped with nylon, attached to a 5 cm long polyethylene tube at the other end
* A PE syringe is attached for taking the samples
- weekly collecting 12 h after watering of pots to allow for equilibrium in the interstitial water (pots were watered daily)
PLANT TISSUE SAMPLES
- After 54-d of exposure, leaves were washed, dried at 25 °C and fienly ground - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Ti was not applied to the sediment samples. However, naturally occuring Ti levels in the dredged sediment were compared to plant level tissues after 54 days.
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Festuca rubra
- Details on test organisms:
- Seeds from Carneaux frères SA (54 district, France), stored at 4°C.
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 54 d
- Test temperature:
- 16-24 °C
- pH:
- 7.1±0.2
- Moisture:
- 80% water holding capacity
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): not reported; pots were lined with plastic bags to reduce
- Amount of soil or substrate: 0.5 kg per pot
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 1 g of Festuca rubra seeds per pot
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 5
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT
- Geographical reference of sampling site: sediment dredged from a waterway in France, locationn not further specified
- Pre-treatment of sediment:
* homogenised after dredging and subsequent storage for 30 days in tanks with river water to maintian anoxic conditions and to minimise perturbation
* drying of seiment at 25 °C under a laminar hood
* Sieving to <2 mm
* 2.5 kg sediment sub-seamples were then treated with 250 ml of a fertilizer containing 1.67 g NH4NO3/L and 1.74 KH2PO4/L
* 3 week pre-incubation without seeds in the dark in growth chamber at 16-24 °C; moisture was maintained by daily watering
- % silt: 78.2
- Particle size fraction:
*< 2 µm (%): 12.9
* 2-20 µm: 54.3
* 20-50 µm: 25.2
*> 50 µm: 7.6
- Carbonate content: 17±0.9 % CaCO3
- CEC: 14.2±0.6 (cmol/kg dw)
- pH sediment (1:5 solid:liquid): 7.1±0.2
- Organic matter (%): 10±0.8
-C/N: 17±0.4
- Moisture (%): 80 of water holding capacity
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 h
- Light intensity: 500 µmol photons/m²s
- Grown in glasshouse - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Ti was not applied to the sediment samples. However, naturally occuring Ti levels in the dredged sediment were compared to plant level tissues after 54 days.
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0 dimensionless
- Basis:
- organ d.w.
- Remarks:
- leaves
- Calculation basis:
- other: after 54 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Festuca rubra; Concentration in sediment: 3040 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration leaves: 0.7 mg Ti/kg dw.
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data.
- Metabolites:
- Not applicable.
- Details on results:
- - Total Ti content in sediment: 3040±210 mg/kg dw
- Ti in sediment interstitial water: < LOD (1µg/L)
- Ti concentration in leaves of Festuca rubra: 0.7 mg/kg dw - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF value for Ti in leaves of Festuca rubra is 0.0002.
- Executive summary:
Ti transfer to Festuca rubra grown for 54 -d on a dredged sediment was investigated by measuring Ti concentration in sediment and plant leaves. Ti content in the dredged sediment was 3040 ± 210 mg/kg dw. Additional Ti was not applied to the sediment.
After 54 days plant leaves were harvested, dried, finely ground, and analysed for Ti after digestion. The mean Ti level in Festuca rubra leaves was 0.7 mg/kg dw. The corresponding BSAF is 0.0002.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Documentation insufficient for assessment. Justification for read-across: No data on the behavior of titanium carbide in the environment are available. Concentration data for titanium metal are appropriate for read-across for this endpoint as the soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The concentration of Ti in roots of Festuca sylvatica L. was put in relation to soil concentration (calculations done on a dry amss basis)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- - The first 4 cm of the topsoil (mor) with fine beech roots was sampled quantitatively (metal-free plastic tools and powder-free plastic gloves washed with HCl and water)
- Material (soil and beech roots) was 6mm sieved (HCl and water washed nylon screen mounted on a wooden frame) to obtain soil samples (> mor material)
- Roots < 1 mm diameter roots were cut and collected from the material remaining on the screen
- Roots were carefully washed with deionised water
- Each sample was carefully mixed and all materials dried at 40 °C to constant weigh - Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Fagus sylvatica L.
- Details on test organisms:
- Ectomycorrhizal beech roots: Fagus sylvatica L.
- pH:
- 3.2-3.6
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Not applicable. Measurement of Ti in roots and soil from naturally occuring Ti (pristine samping site untouched by forestry or other mechanical disturbance since last ≥ 50 years).
- Key result
- Type:
- BSAF
- Value:
- 0.16 dimensionless
- Basis:
- other: roots
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Concentration roots: 6.0 mg Ti/kg dw, concentration soil: 37.2 mg Ti/kg dw
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BSAF derived for beach roots is 0.16 kg/kg.
- Executive summary:
The concentration of Ti in roots of Festuca sylvatica L. was put in relation to soil concentration (calculations were done on a dry mass basis). Soil and root samples were taken from a pristine sampling site in the South of Sweden that has been untouched by forestry or other mechanical disturbance since last ≥ 50 years. The BSAF derived for beach roots is 0.16 kg/kg.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Documentation insufficient for assessment. Bioconcentration of Ti in leaves, stems and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated in solution culture. Justification for read-across: No data on the behavior of titanium carbide in the environment are available. Concentration data for titanium metal are appropriate for read-across for this endpoint as the soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Bioconcentration of Ti in leaves, stems and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated in solution culture. The plants were exposed for a total of 21 days at Ti concentrations of 0, 10E-06 M, 10E-05 M, 10E-04 M with and without EDTA.
After exposure plants were divided to leaves, stems, and roots, washed in 1/10 N HCl and deionised water, dried, and weighed. Tissue Ti concentrations were determined by emission spectrography. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Phaseolus vulgaris L.
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 21
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal Ti concentrations of 0, 10E-06 M, 10E-05 M, 10E-04 M.
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: leaves
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-05 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 11.7 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: leaves
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-04 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 266 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: stems
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-06 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 2 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: stems
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-05 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 32.8 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: stems
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-04 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 58 µg/g (control: 1.2 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0.001 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: roots
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-05 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 766 µg/g (control: 165 µg/g)
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0.001 L/kg
- Basis:
- other: roots
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ti solution concentration: 1E-04 M; Ti concentration in plant part: 2780 µg/g (control: 165 µg/g)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- When exposed to Ti in solution culture plants of Phaseolus vulgaris concentrated only low concentrations in tissues.
- Executive summary:
Bioconcentration of Ti in leaves, stems and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated in solution culture. The plants were exposed for a total of 21 days at Ti concentrations of 0, 10E-06 M, 10E-05 M, 10E-04 M with and without EDTA. After exposure plants were divided to leaves, stems, and roots, washed in 1/10 N HCl and deionized water, dried, and weighed. Tissue Ti conentrations were determnined by emission spectrography.
BCF results were calculated by deviding plant concentrations by Ti concentrations in solution. BCFs (without EDTA) range between 0.0000119 and 0.001126 L/kg. Highest Ti concentrations were determined in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Referenceopen allclose all
BCF results were calculated by deviding plant concentrations by Ti concentrations in solution:
| Table 1: Effects of Ti addition and EDTA on Ti distribution of bush bean plants (dry weight basis). | ||||||||
| M (Ti) = | 47,867 | g/mol | ||||||
| Ti [µg/g] | BCF Ti [L/kg] | |||||||
| Ti [M] | Ti [µg/L] | EDTA | Leaves | Stems | Roots | Leaves | Stems | Roots |
| 0 | 0 | + | 1,4 | 1,8 | 8,7 | / | / | / |
| 0 | 0 | - | 1,2 | 1,2 | 165 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-06 | 4,79E+01 | + | 1,9 | 2,6 | 294 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-06 | 4,79E+01 | - | 1,2 | 2 | 157 | 0,00E+00 | 1,67E-05 | -1,67E-04 |
| 1,00E-05 | 4,79E+02 | + | 5 | 5,1 | 895 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-05 | 4,79E+02 | - | 11,7 | 32,8 | 766 | 2,19E-05 | 6,60E-05 | 1,26E-03 |
| 1,00E-04 | 4,79E+03 | + | 202 | 48 | 2420 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-04 | 4,79E+03 | - | 266 | 58 | 2780 | 5,53E-05 | 1,19E-05 | 5,46E-04 |
Experiments with EDTA were not further considered.
BCF results were calculated by deviding plant concentrations by Ti concentrations in solution:
| Table 1: Effects of Ti addition and EDTA on Ti distribution of bush bean plants (dry weight basis). | ||||||||
| M (Ti) = | 47,867 | g/mol | ||||||
| Ti [µg/g] | BCF Ti [L/kg] | |||||||
| Ti [M] | Ti [µg/L] | EDTA | Leaves | Stems | Roots | Leaves | Stems | Roots |
| 0 | 0 | + | 1,4 | 1,8 | 8,7 | / | / | / |
| 0 | 0 | - | 1,2 | 1,2 | 165 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-06 | 4,79E+01 | + | 1,9 | 2,6 | 294 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-06 | 4,79E+01 | - | 1,2 | 2 | 157 | 0,00E+00 | 1,67E-05 | -1,67E-04 |
| 1,00E-05 | 4,79E+02 | + | 5 | 5,1 | 895 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-05 | 4,79E+02 | - | 11,7 | 32,8 | 766 | 2,19E-05 | 6,60E-05 | 1,26E-03 |
| 1,00E-04 | 4,79E+03 | + | 202 | 48 | 2420 | / | / | / |
| 1,00E-04 | 4,79E+03 | - | 266 | 58 | 2780 | 5,53E-05 | 1,19E-05 | 5,46E-04 |
Experiments with EDTA were not further considered.
Description of key information
Based on BCFs calculated from paired concentrations of titanium metal and titanium trichloride in soil and plant tissue, titanium exposures are not expected to result in the bioaccumulation of titanium in terrestrial organisms.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
No data on the behavior of titanium carbide in the environment are available. Bioconcentration data for titanium metal and titanium trichloride are presented in this section. The soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. However, the amount of soluble species resulting from titanium metal and titanium trichloride is different, with titanium trichloride being much more soluble. Therefore, data for titanium metal and titanium trichloride are expected to adequately capture the range of bioavailability of titanium carbide in the environment. For more details refer to the attached read-across document.
After 54-day exposure relatively low bioaccumulation of titanium is observed in leaves of Brassica napus, Brassica oleraccea, and Festuca rubra at soil concentrations of 3040 mg Ti/kg soil dw, with calculated concentration factors (BSAF) of approximately 0.0008, 0.00066, and 0.0002, respectively (Caille et al., 2005).
Tyler (2004) put in relation the concentration of Ti in roots of Festuca sylvatica L. to soil concentration. Soil and root samples were taken from a pristine sampling site in the South of Sweden that has been untouched by forestry or other mechanical disturbance since last ≥ 50 years. The BSAF derived for beach roots is 0.16.
In addition, Wallace et al. (1977) investigated bioconcentration of Ti after 21 days in leaves, stems and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris in solution culture. Plants were exposed at Ti concentrations of up to 10E-04 M. The highest observed BCF value was 0.001126 L/kg (roots).
Thus it is concluded that titanium compounds are not expected to bioaccumulate in terrestrial organisms.
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