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Toxicological information

Skin sensitisation

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
skin sensitisation: in vitro
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
22 May-14 June 2017
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2017
Report date:
2017

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 442C (In Chemico Skin Sensitisation: Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA))
Version / remarks:
04 February 2015
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of study:
direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA)

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
α-D-glucose pentaacetate
EC Number:
210-073-2
EC Name:
α-D-glucose pentaacetate
Cas Number:
604-68-2
Molecular formula:
C16H22O11
IUPAC Name:
1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose
impurity 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
β-D-glucose pentaacetate
EC Number:
210-074-8
EC Name:
β-D-glucose pentaacetate
Cas Number:
604-69-3
Molecular formula:
C16H22O11
IUPAC Name:
1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose
impurity 2
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Water
EC Number:
231-791-2
EC Name:
Water
Cas Number:
7732-18-5
Molecular formula:
H2O
IUPAC Name:
Oxidane
impurity 3
Reference substance name:
Unknown impurities.
Molecular formula:
Not available as unknown impurities.
IUPAC Name:
Unknown impurities.
Test material form:
solid: crystalline
Remarks:
Crystalline powder
Details on test material:
Batch No: 14126200
Storage: at room temperature, protected from light

In vitro test system

Details on the study design:
SUMMARY: DPRA measures the reaction of the test item with synthetic peptides containing cysteine (Ac-RFAACAA-COOH) or lysine (Ac-RFAAKAA-COOH). The custom peptides contained cysteine or lysine as the nucleophilic reaction centres and phenylalanine to facilitate HPLC detection. Test item and peptide were combined and incubated together for 24 h at room temperature. Following this incubation, the concentration of free (i.e. unreacted) peptide remaining was measured by HPLC immediately prior to the lysine peptide assay.


EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

PEPTIDES:
Source: RS Synthesis
Batch:
- Cys: No. P170419-LC180433
- Lys: No. P161108-LC107617
Purity:
-Cys: 96.47%
-Lys: 98.14%

BUFFERS USED:
- Phosphate buffer: ca 100 mM, pH 7.47
- Ammonium acetate buffer: ca 100 mM, pH 10.18

SOLUBILITY ASSESSMENT:
- acetonitrile was selected as the most suitable solvent for the test material

PREPARATION PEPTIDE STOCK SOLUTIONS:
- CYSTEINE: stock solution of 0.501 mg/mL (0.667 mM) in phosphate buffer
- LYSINE: stock solution of 0.517 mg/mL (0.666 mM) in ammonium acetate buffer

CYSTEINE PEPTIDE ASSAY:
-PREPARATION: test item was dissolved in acetronile. The vial was sonicated until fully in solution.. The concentration of the test solution corrected for purity, was 39.0 mg/mL (100 mM, 100% of target). Cinnamic aldehyde was dissolved in acetonitrile with a concentration of 13.20 mg/mL (100 mM, 99.9% of the target). All test item and control solutions were prepared immediately prior to use.
-PREPARATION OF THE SANDARD CURVE: Dilution buffer was prepared by mixing phosphate buffer (pH 7.47, 8 mL) with acetonitrile (2 mL). Standard 1 (STD1) was prepared by mixing peptide stock solution (1600 µL) with acetonitrile (400 µL). Serial dilutions (1:1, v/v) were prepared from this to make a standard curve (from 0.534 to 0.0167 mM). An additional sample containing only dilution buffer was included as a blank (0 mM) standard. The standard curve was analysed by HPLC immediately prior to the cysteine peptide assay.
-REFERENCE CONTROL: Acetonitrile (250 µL) was mixed with peptide stock solution (750 µL). Three replicates of this were produced for Reference Control A. Reference Control B was prepared as described for Reference Control A. Three replicates were analyzed at the beginning of the testing run, and three at the end of the testing run, to demonstrate peptide stability over the analysis time. Reference Control C samples were prepared containing acetonitrile (250 µL) and cysteine peptide stock (750 µL), three replicated distributed throughout the run. These samples were included in every assay run together with the samples containing test item to verify that the solvent does not impact upon peptide stability during the assay, and to calculate percentage peptide depletion.
- PEPTIDE ASSAY METHOD: The assay contained a 1:10 molar ratio of peptide to test item. Positive control or test item (50 µL) was mixed with acetonitrile (200 µL) and the peptide solution (750 µL). The vials were mixed by inversion. Co-elution controls were prepared by mixing together acetonitrile (200 µL), phosphate buffer (750 µL) and test item (50 µL). All test items and positive control samples were prepared in triplicate. All vials were stored in the dark at ambient temperature for ca 24 h until analyzed by HPLC.

LYSINE PEPTIDE ASSAY:
-PREPARATION: test item was dissolved in acetronile and mixed by inversion until fully in solution. The concentration of the test solution corrected for purity, was 39.0 mg/mL (100 mM, 100.0% of target). Cinnamic aldehyde was dissolved in acetonitrile with concentration of 13.24 mg/mL (100 mM, 100.1% of target). All tets item and control solutions were prepared immediately prior to use.
- PREPARATION OF THE STANDARD CURVE: Dilution buffer was prepared by mixing ammonium acetate buffer (pH 10.18, 8 mL) with acetonitrile (2 mL). Standard 1 (STD1) was prepared by mixing peptide stock solution (1600 µL) with acetonitrile (400 µL). Serial dilutions (1:1, v/v) were prepared from this to make a standard curve (from 0.534 to 0.0167 mM). An additional sample containing only dilution buffer was included as a blank (0 mM) standard. The standard curve was analyzed by HPLC.
- REFERENCE CONTROL: like for cysteine
- PEPTIDE ASSAY METHOD: The assay contained a 1:50 molar ratio of peptide to test item. Cinnamic aldehyde or test item (250 µL) were mixed with peptide solution (750 µL). The vials were mixed by inversion and vortex. Co-elution controls were prepared by mixing together ammonium acetate buffer (750 µL) and test item (250 µL). All vials were stored in the dark at ambient temperature for ca 24 h until analysed by HPLC.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND DETECTOR PARAMETERS
- Column: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) (2 x 100 mm, 3 µm)
- Run Time: 20 min
- Mobile Phase Conditions: Mobile Phase A: trifluoracetic acid (0.1%, v/v) in Milli-Q H2O
Mobile Phase B: trifluoracetic acid (0.085%, v/v) in acetonitrile
- Flow Rate: 0.35 mL/min
- Column Temperature: 30°C
- Auto Sampler Temperature: Room temperature
- Injection Volume: 7 µL
- UV Wavelength: 220 nm
- HPLC Gradient: see below

CALCULATIONS:
The concentration of peptide remaining in each sample following incubation was calculated from integrated peak area, with reference to the peptide standard curve. Percent peptide depletion was calculated from the following formula:
Peptide Depletion (%) = 1 – ( Peak Area (Sample) / Mean Peak Area (Reference Control C)) x 100

Results and discussion

Positive control results:
The mean depletion value for the positive control was 69.8% showing a high reactivity (Sensitizer)

In vitro / in chemico

Results
Key result
Run / experiment:
other: DPRA cysteine and lysine prediction model
Parameter:
other: Mean Depletion Value
Value:
26.8
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Negative controls validity:
not applicable
Positive controls validity:
valid
Remarks:
Cinnamic aldehyde
Remarks on result:
other:
Remarks:
Moderate Reactivity (Sensitizer)
Other effects / acceptance of results:
No co-elution of the test item with either peptide was observed.

SYSTEM SUITABILITY FOR THE CYSTEINE ASSAY
The calibration linearity, r2, for the cysteine standard curve was 0.9994. This met the acceptance criteria for r2 which was >0.990.
The mean peptide concentration of Reference Control A was 0.509 ± 0.003 mM (mean ± SD). The calculated peptide concentration in the Reference Control C samples was 0.495 ± 0.005 mM. These controls met the acceptance criteria (0.5 ± 0.05 mM).

For the six Reference Control B and three Reference Control C samples in acetonitrile, the coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.5% (acceptance criteria for CV was <15%).

The mean percentage peptide depletion value of the three replicates for cinnamic aldehyde fell within the lower bound and upper bound values of 60.8% and 100.0% for cysteine, with a peptide depletion value of 78.0 ± 0.3% (mean ± SD).

Finally, the standard deviation of replicate test item samples was <14.9% for a-D-Glucose Pentaacetate (actual standard deviation = 1.6%).


SYSTEM SUITABILITY FOR THE LYSINE ASSAY
The calibration linearity, r2, for the lysine standard curve was 0.9999. This met the acceptance criteria for r2 which was >0.990.

The mean peptide concentration of Reference Control A was 0.495 ± 0.002 mM (mean ± SD). The calculated peptide concentration in the Reference Control C samples was 0.495 ± 0.001 mM. These controls met the acceptance criteria (0.5 ± 0.05 mM).

For the six Reference Control B and three Reference Control C samples in acetonitrile, the coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.6% (acceptance criteria for CV was <15%).

The mean percentage peptide depletion value of the three replicates for cinnamic aldehyde fell within the lower bound and upper bound values of 40.2% and 69.0% for lysine, with the SD <11.6%. The actual percentage peptide depletion value reported for cinnamic aldehyde was 61.5% ± 4.6% (mean ± SD).

Finally, the standard deviation of replicate test item samples was <11.6% for the test item (actual standard deviation = 1.6%).

PROTOCOL DEVIATIONS
The study was performed in accordance with the protocol with the following deviation:
- the protocol states that prior to HPLC analysis samples will be visually inspected. This was not done for the lysine or cysteine assay. As there was no evidence of a precipitate forming (i.e. the needle would have blocked), and all replicates of the same conditions are consistent with each other, there is no impact on study integrity.


DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNICAL PROFICIENCY
Prior to use, Charles River Laboratories demonstrated technical proficiency in the DPRA test, using the panel of proficiency chemicals listed in OECD 442C (Toner, F, 2015).

Any other information on results incl. tables

 Test Item % Peptide Depletion Cysteine (Mean  ± SD) % Peptide Depletion Lysine (Mean ± SD) Mean of Cysteine and Lysine DPRA Classification (Cysteine and Lysine Prediction Model)
 alpha-D-Glucose Pentaacetate  22.4 ± 1.6 31.2 ± 1.6   26.8

Moderate Reactivity (Sensitizer)

Cinnamic Aldehyde (Positive Control)

 78.0 ± 0.3

 61.5 ± 4.6

 69.8

High Reactivity (Sensitizer)

Using the cysteine and lysine prediction model (see Table below) the test material was categorised as moderately reactive and a sensitiser.

Mean depletion values (Cys Lys)

 Mean Depletion values (cys only) Reactivity classification  DPRA Prediction
 <6.38 %  <13.89%  Minimal

 Non Sensitizer

 6.38 -22.62%  13.89 -23.09%  Low  Sensitizer
 22.62 -42.47%  23.09%-98.24%  Moderate  Sensitizer
 >42.47  >98.24%  High  Sensitizer

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Interpretation of results:
other: moderately reactive: sensitizer
Conclusions:
In conclusion, according to the DPRA cysteine and lysine prediction model, alpha-D-Glucose Pentaacetate (CAS No. 604-68-2) was classified as moderately reactive and was, therefore, a sensitiser
Executive summary:

Skin sensitisation is a type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction that results from the interaction of a sensitising agent with host proteins to form an immunogenic complex.

Small molecules that can interact with proteins in this way are referred to as haptens, and are generally not immunogenic in isolation. Hapten-modified proteins are recognised as foreign by antigen presenting cells, leading to T-cell activation and localised inflammation at the site of all subsequent exposures to the hapten.

Most skin sensitising agents are electrophiles, i.e. will accept an electron pair from a nucleophile to form a covalent bond.  The amino acids cysteine and lysine are thought to be the nucleophiles most frequently modified in proteins during sensitisation, and the ability of small molecules to react with these amino acids forms the basis of the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA).

The objective of this study was to assess the peptide binding capability of alpha-D-Glucose Pentaacetate (CAS No. 604-68-2) using synthetic cysteine and lysine peptides and to classify the test item to one of the four reactivity classes leading to a DPRA prediction according to the following prediction model

 Mean depletion values (Cys Lys)  Mean Depletion values (cys only) Reactivity classification  DPRA Prediction
 <6.38 %  <13.89%  Minimal

 Non Sensitizer

 6.38 -22.62%  13.89 -23.09%  Low  Sensitizer
 22.62 -42.47%  23.09%-98.24%  Moderate  Sensitizer
 >42.47  >98.24%  High  Sensitizer

The reaction of the test item with synthetic peptides containing cysteine (Ac-RFAACAA-COOH) or lysine (Ac-RFAAKAA-COOH) was performed.  The custom peptides contained cysteine or lysine as the nucleophilic reaction centres and phenylalanine to facilitate detection by HPLC analysis.

The solubility of the test item was assessed and acetonitrile was selected as the appropriate solvent.  For each peptide assay, the test item was prepared at a concentration of 100 mM in acetonitrile.  The test item and peptides were combined and incubated together for ca 24 h at room temperature.  Following this incubation, the concentration of free (i.e. unreacted) peptide remaining was measured by HPLC.  From the results obtained, a reactivity class was assigned and a DPRA prediction was made according to the above criteria.  The validity criteria were fulfilled.

The results obtained are presented in the following table:

 Test Item % Peptide Depletion Cysteine  % Peptide Depletion Lysine    Mean % peptide depletion DPRA Classification

alpha-D-Glucose Pentaacetate

22.4 ± 1.6 31.2 ± 1.6 26.8 Moderate Reactivity (sensitizer)
 Cinnamic Aldehyde (positive control) 78.0  ± 0.3  61.5 ± 4.6  69.8 High Reactivity (Sensitizer)

In conclusion, according to the DPRA cysteine and lysine prediction model, alpha-D-Glucose Pentaacetate (CAS No. 604-68-2) was classified as moderately reactive and was, therefore, a sensitiser.